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Social Movements in Contemporary Indias
Term Paper ID:40810
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Essay Subject:
This essay discusses the different forms of political protest that emerged in the Indian ...... More...
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2 Pages / 450 Words
2 sources, 4 Citations,
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Paper Abstract:
This essay discusses the different forms of political protest that emerged in the Indian freedom for struggle after the formation of the Indian National Congress. The essay also compares and contrasts the efforts of the Congress with those of peasant and environmental protests.
Paper Introduction:
Social Movements in Contemporary India The formation of the Indian National Congress INC in the latenineteenth century gave rise to the Muslim League because Indian Muslimswere worried that Congress represented only Hindu concerns In thestruggle for freedom and liberation the INC was opposed by the British andblamed Muslims for supporting efforts by the British to rejectindependence The Congress is highly associated with Mahatma Gandhi whosestruggles to win independence attracted many Muslims However there weretwo factions within the Muslim League one that opposed
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For example, the AICC calledfor "a total boycott of Legislative Assembly elections under the Montford'dyarchy' system" and forged an alliance with the Muslim League to helpreinstate the Caliph (Robb 21 ). There were many protests basedon aspects of "depression," hunger, and other forms of distress that oftenerupted in riots like the one in Kanput in 1933 (Robb 213). Protests against deforestation and British control of lands theerupted among the peasant classes. However, the combined effect of the efforts of the peasantprotests and the actions of the INC would ultimately combine in force tohelp drive the British out of India.Works CitedGadgil, Madhav, and Guha, Ramachandra. However, there weretwo factions within the Muslim League: one that opposed independence andGandhi's principles (the Aligarh Muslim University) and one that supportedthem (the Jamia Millia Islamia). The activities of the Indian National Congress, in contrast, weremore related to nationalism and independence. Yet in manyinstances, peasant protests were more oriented toward the environment, suchas those that stemmed from the abandonment of "juhm in favor of the ploughor wage labor" (Gadghil and Guha 275). While the Indian National Congress was theleading force for independence, the environmental and peasant protestsadded fuel to the fire to help eject the British from India. Peasant Resistance in India, 1858-1914. Many Muslims insisted that Hindus and Muslims were two separatenations and opposed the freedom struggle. The Congress is highly associated with Mahatma Gandhi, whosestruggles to win independence attracted many Muslims. For the peasants of India, issues ofpoverty and hunger and other forms of misery were more often the catalystfor protests, in contrast to the political aims of the Indian NationalCongress. "State Forestry and Social Conflict in British India." In Hardiman, David (Ed.). Press, 1992.Robb, Peter. Delhi: Oxford Univ. A History of India. New York: Palgrave MacMillan: 2 2. As Gadghil and Guha argue, "Exclusionfrom forest management was both physical-denying or restricting access toforests and pasture-and social-allowing 'rightholders' only a marginal andinflexible claim on the produce of the forests" (263). Aside from the conflicts between Hindus and Muslims over nationalismand other issues, there were also a number of environmental protests andthose initiated by India's peasant class. Social Movements in Contemporary India The formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in the latenineteenth century gave rise to the Muslim League because Indian Muslimswere worried that Congress represented only Hindu concerns. In thestruggle for freedom and liberation, the INC was opposed by the British andblamed Muslims for supporting efforts by the British to rejectindependence. During Gandhi's leadership, theIndian National Congress attracted millions of followers because of itsefforts to undermine communalism based on castes, wealth, religion andrace. Though led byGandhi, the salt marches in protest of British control were also comprisedlargely of the peasant classes.
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