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Social Movements in Contemporary India
Term Paper ID:40809
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Essay Subject:
This essay provides a discussion of communalism in Indian history and its relationship to ...... More...
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2 Pages / 450 Words
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Paper Abstract:
This essay provides a discussion of communalism in Indian history and its relationship to modern nationalism. The essay also provides a discussion of the activities of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League from the 1920s to partition.
Paper Introduction:
Social Movements in Contemporary India Communalism is the phenomenon of societies or communities beingfounded on some manner of discrimination typically religiousdiscrimination in India Hindus Sikhs and Muslims in India are separatedinto different regions and oppose each other Communalism-orientedviolence has existed in India throughout the th Century In the s resistance to colonialism was intermixed with the politics of nationalism religion class and protest Ludden While political parties areviewed as helping curb communalism Ludden maintains that in this era ofIndian history government policy
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In the decades after 192 before partition, the struggle fornationalism was intertwined with the conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.Though Jinnah tried to get Congress to adopt constitutional proposals thatwould protect Indian Muslims, all but one was rejected (Robb 211). Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims in India are separatedinto different regions and oppose each other. India and South Asia: A Short History. History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Women's Rights and Feminism in India, 18 -199 . Riots in Kanput in 1933 furtherincreased tensions between the Congress and the Muslim League, as theCongress blamed the Muslim League for stirring up violence and increasingopposition to national unity based on racism (Robb 213). The nextyear would see the partition of India.Works CitedLudden, David. Communalism-orientedviolence has existed in India throughout the 2 th Century. During World WarII, the Congress refused to support the British, while the Muslim Leaguewas blamed for supporting foes of Congress. In Kumar's view, social reformefforts by women played into India's struggle for independence. This would lead to the massiveriots in Calcutta in 1946, which were mainly Hindus fighting Muslims. Verso, 1993.Robb, Peter. Palgrave. Social Movements in Contemporary India Communalism is the phenomenon of societies or communities beingfounded on some manner of discrimination, typically religiousdiscrimination in India. Robbargues that despite religious activists on both sides fueling the riots, inreality they had "nothing whatever to do with religion" (214). The year before partition, thousands of Hindus were killed inriots in Calcutta. While political parties areviewed as helping curb communalism, Ludden maintains that in this era ofIndian history, government policy was "more oppressive and inefficient atlower than at higher levels, and more feeble in its developmental than itscoercive aspects" (177). Yet religion is only one of the forms of communalismthat occur in India and paved the way for modern nationalism. Between 192 and partition in 1947, clashes between the IndianNational Congress and the Muslim League were frequent, typically resultingin riots. However, both groupshad different goals and aims during this era. In the 192 s,resistance to colonialism was intermixed with the politics of "nationalism,religion, class and protest" (Ludden 177). Oxford: One World.Radha, Kumar. India'snotorious caste system divided individuals into different levels of worthin Indian society, and Kumar contends that issues of gender were commonlyinvolved in the most profound conflicts that have occurred since partitionbut extend back to the nineteenth century. TheIndian National Congress and the Muslim League undertook a variety ofactivities up to the time of partition that were primarily devoted togaining liberation from British rule. Robb notes that the All-IndianCongress Committee (AICC) formed an "alliance" with the Muslim League tobolster "non-cooperation" but also to support the Khilifat movement'sefforts to have Britain "reinstate the Caliph" (21 ). A History of India. The Congress fought againstdemands that India's lowest caste, the "so-called untouchables," were givencommunal representation, while Muslims fought Congress over the issue of"separate representation" (Robb 213).
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