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Racism and African-Americans
Term Paper ID:38978
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Essay Subject:
Brief dicussion of how enslaved Africans were subject after Emancipation to ongoing racism bias ...... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
6 sources, 11 Citations,
APA Format
$16.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses how enslaved Africans were subject after Emancipation to ongoing racism, bias, prejudice and extreme discrimination in the United States. Reconstruction period. Supreme Court decisions. Mentions efforts to reduce problems.
Paper Introduction:
African-Americans Enslavement and Discrimination Unlike virtually every other group of immigrants to the Americancolonies of the European colonial powers and later after the AmericanRevolution the United States African-Americans were involuntary immigrants at best At worst they were almost to a person enslaved inAfrica by Europeans working in tandem with African rulers They were thentransported through the dangerous and infamous Middle passage to livebrutal nasty and often short lies laboring in the plantation fields of theSouth and forced to ensure generations of hardship
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Boyer, P.S. They were thentransported through the dangerous and infamous "Middle passage" to livebrutal, nasty and often short lies laboring in the plantation fields of theSouth, and forced to ensure generations of hardship followed by prejudiceand discrimination after they were eventually emancipated (Martin &Roberts, 1989). De facto if not dejure segregation in education, residential living patterns, and so forthare still troubling, especially in light of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964and later years and ongoing society-wide efforts to eliminate the linkedproblems of racism, prejudice, and discrimination targeting African-Americans (Foner, 1998). B. Red, White and Black. (2 1). To combat racism and discrimination, government has adopted various"affirmative action programs. It provided that employers could not discriminate against employees based upon race, color or creed. As significantly, the Emancipation Proclamationand the victory of the Union in the Civil War, followed by a period ofreconstruction in which many former slaves achieved rights never beforeenjoyed, did not put an end to the racism they experienced. Statutes that dictated separate facilities for African Americans and Whites, according to the Courts, did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment that guaranteed equal protection under the law. He also indicated that laws pertaining to non- discriminatory provisions were enacted, one of which was the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. Foner (1998) aswell as Martin and Roberts (1989) commented that discrimination andinstitutionalized racism were readily apparent after the Civil War and wellinto the 2 th century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Foner, E. Supreme Court Decisions, said Woodhouse (2 2, p. New York: Harper Collins.Nash, G. 157), played animportant role in advancing the cause of affirmative action: In Plessy v. Despite several decades of aggressive programming designed to enhancethe status of African-Americans as a whole, many African-Americans continueto be found among the poorest of the American poor. Indeed, African-Americans have consistently beenvictimized by racism that appears to be endemic in American society, or atthe vest least, to be difficult to eradicate fully. Additionally, Turner explained that the Civilian Pilot Training, National Youth Administration Appropriation, and National Industrial Recovery Acts also contained anti-discrimination clauses which forbade employment discrimination. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court decided that the "separate but equal" doctrine was constitutional. Norton & Company.Martin, J. Constitution....the Civil War culminated with the integration of African Americans into mainstream American society, which served as the first phase of affirmative action. (1998). (1989). 156) also notes that: As the Civil War ended in 1865, rights were secured for African Americans through the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the U.S. 149), that"even the extraordinary force used in capturing, branding, selling, andtransporting them from one continent to another was not enough to make thecaptives submit tamely to their fate." Consequently, Nash (2 says thatslavers had to develop special techniques of torture to cope with theslaves and could only do so by positing the slaves as themselves - savage,inferior, and naturally subordinate semi-humans. Supreme Court who struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The Oxford Companion to United States History. The first period of affirmative action culminated in less than a decade when Northern Congressmen negotiated with Southern politicians, leading to the withdrawal in 1877 of federal protection which ensured the rights of freedmen. The Story of American Freedom. Woodhouse (2 2, p. Andrews. African-Americans: Enslavement and Discrimination Unlike virtually every other group of immigrants to the Americancolonies of the European colonial powers and, later after the AmericanRevolution, the United States, African-Americans were involuntary"immigrants" at best. This is a major causefor concern in a country dedicated to the ideals of freedom, liberty andequality. William L. Such treatment becameequally commonplace once the African slaves arrived in the New World, wherethey were sold into slavery and thereby became quite literally the disposalchattel of their new masters. Consequently, this racial minority from its very moment ofarrival in this country has been the victim of wholesale bias, prejudice,and discrimination of the most extreme sort. At worst, they were almost to a person enslaved inAfrica by Europeans working in tandem with African rulers. Martin andRoberts (1989) have pointed out that for Africans transported against theirwill to serve with no promise of freedom (unlike those Europeans whoindentured themselves for a specific period of time in order to receivetransport to the colonies or the new country), slavery was virtuallyinescapable. This suggests, says Nash (2 , p. (2 2). He further implied that this amendment was not intended to abolish racial, social or political distinctions and this legal precedent continued to be the judicial foundation upon which color-consciousness was built until 1954. America and Its People. The historical development of affirmative action: An aggregated analysis. Indeed, Foner (1998) suggests that racism directedagainst African-Americans remains a major social problem today. (Editor). K., & Roberts, R. De jure segregation persisted through the nineteenth century and into the New Deal era, during which several legislative initiatives were enacted in order to address the Depression economy.....the phrase "affirmative action" first appeared in the New Deal federal legislation. (2 ). The representation of slavery and Afro -American literary realism In African American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays, Ed. This act provided that all citizens were entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of public facilities. Bradley of the U.S. Gary Nash (2 ), in his description of the slave trade, points out aswell that many Africans either died from the conditions of confinementduring the Middle Passage and that many Africans attempted suicide andmutiny during the crossing. ReferencesAndrews, W. At best, a small number of African slaves were freed and able to livewith relative security, establishing themselves as nevertheless second-class citizens in a Eurocentric social system that denied these and otherpeople of color basic rights and freedoms (Andrews, 1993). Boyer (2 1) suggests that even those few (and relatively fortunate)"freedmen" and "free people of color" prior to the American Civil War werevictims of discrimination. (1993). New York: W.W. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 155-158. This signaled the dismantling of Reconstruction, dealt its most serious blow by Justice Joseph P. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Woodhouse, S.
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