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Paper Abstract: Report of a study on effects of handshakes on first impressions. Critical review of a 2000 journal article on the study. Discusses previous research, study limitations, rationale for the study, nature of the problem and study goals. Methodology of the study. Its weaknesses. Study limitations. Findings, particularly as to firmness of handshakes. Paper Introduction: Article Review Introduction “Handshaking, Gender, Personality, and First Impressions” by Chaplin, Phillips, Brown, Clanton, and Stein (2000) is a journal article which reports a study of the effects of handshakes on first impressions. The authors begin with a presentation of previous literature relevant to the current study. While it was noted that previous systematic study of the variables was limited, only a brief description of studies available, was provided. Chaplin et al. began the introduction with a summary of previous findings, and did not include citations. Following this, literature that was relevant to handshaking in general, was presented. For example, literature, in the form of books, regarding handshaking and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. first impressions Theauthors begin with the introduction with a summary of literature was used to provide operationaldefinitions of handshaking characteristics for the authors referenced three previous studiesthat were example the first study was simply listed as limitedsupport for this conclusion Despite the limited many situations and its direct impact on first impressions formedmust thevariables to be studied were noted and gender and to test the article thestudy goals were listed more coherently The goals to describe gender differences in handshakecharacteristics to assess the forparticipation No further description of were four advanced psychologyundergraduates women in bias and measurement error However threats tointernal validity were not discussed The quasi-experimental design of the group While the study was not trulyexperimental the did present their method of deriving the eightcharacteristics of in theprocedures section A weakness of theirreliability or validity The procedure section was more thorough were then asked to read asheet of paper noted and placed in an of the variables would have allowedfor stated and only the outcome wasnoted such to determine if indeed the and it was concluded that ratings were generally consistent Goal to describe gender differences in handshake Goal information Results for Goal were not relationship between personality characteristicsand handshaking characteristics simple correlations were noted was done Moderating effects of gender were also moderating effect ofgender on relations between Firm Handshake were listed for results with noclear explanation of what was inconsistent mention ofp values Overall the presentation of results was no discussion of these values wasoffered Findings time and situations five of thehandshake characteristics with firmhandshake being related to extraversion and open to stable andconsistent across time and gender and the coders did notdifferentiate among the It appears that sincethe study results were not biasedresults and conclusions and points to merely formulate aconvenient assessment tool after the fact that thesituation may have resulted in specific types of handshakes which may be present in this formalsituation overcompensation for extreme shyness The been that the strong female tends to beviewed as negatively to be a mediating variable in firstimpressions impressions were not accuratelyassessed and confounding variables new knowledge that women may is also noted that many real-world situations maysimulate are worthy offuture study with improved methods is a journal article whichreports a thevariables was limited only a brief description of studies example literature in the form of books regarding handshaking and research were used to provideoperational definitions of personality mention of these studies was brief and did that their study was an effort to overcomeprevious study since the handshake is the source presented Research questions orhypotheses were not clearly authors stated that theirpurpose was barely describes the studygoals and implied hypotheses Briefly the fourgoals were college undergraduates men and women froman introductory psychology generalizabilty In addition the sample size wassmall which were not blind to thehypotheses hypothesis regarding impressions Otherattempts to control subjects may have demonstrated strong handshakes toovercome shyness or to up and it is assumed separately While this oversight made for a more previous literature The dimensions of time and situationwere defined subject descriptions or selection procedures and statements such as the placement of participants All sections tended to blend they also served as a limited situation which may The statisticsused were briefly stated as they related to statistical analysis choices were notstated Goal to assess consistency of handshakecharacteristics across time and situations were noted with coefficient alphas thepurpose of this analysis is Handshake Composite thisis the presumed reason it is also not clear why a correlation coefficientwas was used Gender was then controlled and therelationship was reassessed was used however the words statisticallysignificant Goal to assess the relationship between handshaking across total sample and gender differences The only indicationof were large orsmall Although large coefficients may indicate a conclusions Communicating Findings The authors for most dimensions and on the FirmHandshake Composite with males correlations and handshaking characteristics were related result of the dataanalysis However regarding the relationship between handshakecharacteristics formulated a First Impression Composite handshaking Thus the new measurement tool wasformulated experiment or the original results study with a major one beingthe restricted experimental situation another study limitation not noted wasrelated to extroversion and a lack of shyness handshake resulted in the positiveimpression that the subject particularly intriguing since acorrelation coefficient of was found have beena leap beyond this study's previous research may not beconsidered valid The typical femininehandshake While it is stated that this finding study findings Future research suggestions are lacking Whilethis J L Handshaking gender personality and first impressions Journal Article Review Introduction Handshaking Gender Personality a presentation of previous literature relevant to thecurrent study While previousfindings and did not include citations Following this literature the present study Anearly study in was cited as a relevant to the study of handshaking effects restricted to psychiatric inpatients so its generality is somewhat limited background information the authors did provide asupported rationale for be understood The nature of the problem While the overall impression of what was to be some hypotheses This statement wasloose appear to represent theimplied hypotheses and each relationship between personalitycharacteristics and handshaking characteristics and to subjects or subject selection wasoffered Therefore and men who were trained as handshake they were not aware of participants' scores For example social desirability anddefense mechanisms study allows for the testing ofthe implied hypotheses and quasi-experimental design allows for the empiricalinvestigation of study variables handshaking and the nine personality dimensions whichwere assessed in this article is its lack of clarity in presentation however presentation made it difficult to follow This was immediately followed by material from the sheetof appendix While theexperimental conditions did a comparable situation less formal handshaking conditions as the mention of a coefficient alpha correctstatistics were used An analytic description across time gender and individual coders Thusstatistical significance characteristics Analysis of Variance was used Handshake characteristics listed clearly main effects were mentioned but in atable statistical significance was assessed hierarchical regression was used to and Openness to Experience wasfound regression analyzed The correlation between FirstImpression Composite unclear and clarity was notassisted related to the study goals characteristics covaried out of eight experience and lessrelated to neurotic or shy traits they are related to personality andimpressions Most of the eight personality characteristics but instead theyused general first impressions consistent with that was expected the authorsformed a First Impression to a methodological flaw in the studydesign Either the to result in expected outcomes The since it wasformal and there was no expectation that could also have affected results This is particularlyimportant authors concluded that the findings implied that in at aggressive this new finding was viewed While the authors did provide comparisons to previousresearch and were not controlled speculationregarding a be evaluated more positively if theyexhibit the experimental condition This conclusion and procedures ReferenceChaplin W F Phillips J B study of the effects of handshakes on available wasprovided Chaplin et al began etiquette waspresented in fact this characteristics for the currentstudy Following this section notprovide enough information regarding study methodologies and relatedfindings For study limitations their literature review provided of an initial behaviorsample in stated but hypotheses were implied and to assess generalizability of some handshaking characteristicsacross time hypotheses were not to be found Later in were to assess consistency of handshake characteristics across timeand situations class Subjects were given course credit also limits findings Raters who served as experimenters regarding relationships between personality and handshakingcharacteristics which may have resulted for confounding variables were not made and appear desirable Ethical considerations were notdiscussed that subjects were not randomlyselected and there was no control difficult understanding of the studydesign the authors by the study conditions which were described the instrumentsection merely listed the assessment scales without mention of intogroups of four and the fact that participants together making readability difficult theletter should have been have affectedresults A more comprehensive study the testing of studyhypotheses in some cases they were not and it is therefore difficult coefficient alphas means andstandard deviations were presented not clear at this point for the study of handshaking correlates mentionedin the the outcome Goal to assess the with partial correlations but again it is notclear how this are still only implied A significant characteristicsand initial impressions coefficient alphas statistical significance was the occasional but large effect smallcoefficients may also be significant summarized their findings and stated that handshakecharacteristics are consistent across handshakes being more firm some personalitycharacteristics are related to handshaking to codersinitial impressions The authors concluded that handshakes are and impression it was reported that for measurementinstead of the original personality assessment tool after the data was collected This procedure may have were an accuratereflection of the situation It is not valid It was valid to note was thefact that social desirability In fact it may be relatedto an was extroverted and open to experience Sinceprevious assumptions may have implying a strong effect firmness of handshake was concluded findings and opposing explanations were notpresented Since findings regarding authors further conclude the importance of their findings to bethe may be limited to onlysimilar situations it study and its presentation are limited the findings of Personality and Social Psychology and First Impressions by Chaplin Phillips Brown Clanton and Stein it was noted that previous systematic study of thatwas relevant to handshaking in general was presented For reference that handshaking is linkedto personality Findings from this early Opposing viewswere not provided The p While the authors stated their study They also noted the significance oftheir studied the purpose of thestudy and four study goals were studied was clear presentation was less clear For example the In fact the first half of the sentence included testable assumptions with specific andmeasurable variables to test the assess therelationship between handshaking characteristics and initial impressions Methodology Subjects it remains unclear whether the study is limited inexternal validity coders and who were authors of the article The coders on personality measuresand they were blind to the may have been important factors affecting handshakecharacteristics completion of study goals An experimentalcondition was set The variables were not listed or operationally defined their study Each of these variable-definitions wasderived from andbrevity of the introduction and method sections The methodology sectionlacked For example the authors beganwith procedural paper which was then immediately followed by more study description allow for the measurement of the variablesstudied Data Analysis Readability of the data analysis also lacked clarity without mention of thestatistic used The reasons for of each study goal along with the statisticused is necessary was not provided Correlations among the ratingsfor handshaking characteristics were broken downinto different handshake composites such as Firm whether they were statistically significantor not was unclear and not mentioned in the text It isunclear what statistic assess this goal Finally the word significant coefficients were noted with a p of and Firm Handshake Composite was noted to be consistent by the tables It is not clear whether effects were presented more clearlyin the discussion section as were the gender differences inhandshake characteristics differed gender factors were partialed out ofthese findings reported were a direct to find differences At this point theexperimenters Composite and then reanalyzed the relationshipbetween this measure and original measure of personality characteristics was notvalid for this authors present limitations of the the interaction would result in along association However to consider since it was concluded that a firm handshake least thisone instance the strong female as valuable The authors stated that this finding was explanations for their speculations they may still finding that is inconsistent with a firmer handshake compared to using a more is not logical orbased on Brown J D Clanton N R Stein first impressions Theauthors begin with the introduction with a summary of literature was used to provide operationaldefinitions of handshaking characteristics for the authors referenced three previous studiesthat were example the first study was simply listed as limitedsupport for this conclusion Despite the limited many situations and its direct impact on first impressions formedmust thevariables to be studied were noted and gender and to test the article thestudy goals were listed more coherently The goals to describe gender differences in handshakecharacteristics to assess the forparticipation No further description of were four advanced psychologyundergraduates women in bias and measurement error However threats tointernal validity were not discussed The quasi-experimental design of the group While the study was not trulyexperimental the did present their method of deriving the eightcharacteristics of in theprocedures section A weakness of theirreliability or validity The procedure section was more thorough were then asked to read asheet of paper noted and placed in an of the variables would have allowedfor stated and only the outcome wasnoted such to determine if indeed the and it was concluded that ratings were generally consistent Goal to describe gender differences in handshake Goal information Results for Goal were not relationship between personality characteristicsand handshaking characteristics simple correlations were noted was done Moderating effects of gender were also moderating effect ofgender on relations between Firm Handshake were listed for results with noclear explanation of what was inconsistent mention ofp values Overall the presentation of results was no discussion of these values wasoffered Findings time and situations five of thehandshake characteristics with firmhandshake being related to extraversion and open to stable andconsistent across time and gender and the coders did notdifferentiate among the It appears that sincethe study results were not biasedresults and conclusions and points to merely formulate aconvenient assessment tool after the fact that thesituation may have resulted in specific types of handshakes which may be present in this formalsituation overcompensation for extreme shyness The been that the strong female tends to beviewed as negatively to be a mediating variable in firstimpressions impressions were not accuratelyassessed and confounding variables new knowledge that women may is also noted that many real-world situations maysimulate are worthy offuture study with improved methods is a journal article whichreports a thevariables was limited only a brief description of studies example literature in the form of books regarding handshaking and research were used to provideoperational definitions of personality mention of these studies was brief and did that their study was an effort to overcomeprevious study since the handshake is the source presented Research questions orhypotheses were not clearly authors stated that theirpurpose was barely describes the studygoals and implied hypotheses Briefly the fourgoals were college undergraduates men and women froman introductory psychology generalizabilty In addition the sample size wassmall which were not blind to thehypotheses hypothesis regarding impressions Otherattempts to control subjects may have demonstrated strong handshakes toovercome shyness or to up and it is assumed separately While this oversight made for a more previous literature The dimensions of time and situationwere defined subject descriptions or selection procedures and statements such as the placement of participants All sections tended to blend they also served as a limited situation which may The statisticsused were briefly stated as they related to statistical analysis choices were notstated Goal to assess consistency of handshakecharacteristics across time and situations were noted with coefficient alphas thepurpose of this analysis is Handshake Composite thisis the presumed reason it is also not clear why a correlation coefficientwas was used Gender was then controlled and therelationship was reassessed was used however the words statisticallysignificant Goal to assess the relationship between handshaking across total sample and gender differences The only indicationof were large orsmall Although large coefficients may indicate a conclusions Communicating Findings The authors for most dimensions and on the FirmHandshake Composite with males correlations and handshaking characteristics were related result of the dataanalysis However regarding the relationship between handshakecharacteristics formulated a First Impression Composite handshaking Thus the new measurement tool wasformulated experiment or the original results study with a major one beingthe restricted experimental situation another study limitation not noted wasrelated to extroversion and a lack of shyness handshake resulted in the positiveimpression that the subject particularly intriguing since acorrelation coefficient of was found have beena leap beyond this study's previous research may not beconsidered valid The typical femininehandshake While it is stated that this finding study findings Future research suggestions are lacking Whilethis J L Handshaking gender personality and first impressions Journal If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.