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Paper Abstract: Discusses multiple causes and effects. Policies on child abuse and ethical issues. Creating balance between family unity and child safety. Legal definition of child maltreatment. Role of parents, social workers and clinical sociologists. Protective policies to provide for abused child's welfare. Psychological and psychosocial consequences. Juvenile justice system. Paper Introduction: Child Abuse Abstract This research paper presents the topic of child abuse. The issues presented include the causes of child abuse, the policies on child abuse and ethical issues, the effects of child abuse, and the role of parents, social workers and clinical sociologists. The causes of child abuse are multiple and include domestic violence, parental views of the child, parental experience of child abuse, and child temperament. Protective policies are numerous and provide for the child's welfare. The professional dealing with abused children has an ethical responsibility to provide for the child's welfare and to abide by statutes involved in the reporting of this abuse. The effects of child abuse include psychiatric distress, social disruption, and lowered aca Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. While laws are viewed as necessary, concern exists regardingthe impact of reporting on the therapeutic alliance (Renninger, Veach, &Bagdade, 2 2). A master's degree in social work or a related field is ideal.The multidisciplinary team approach is utilized in the intervention andtreatment of child abuse and strong training is recommended for this team. D., Poindexter, L. Posttraumatic stress disorder, commonly reported to beassociated with sexual abuse in children and adolescents, is an outcomethat tends not to be assessed in the college population. The courts have upheld that even if it isknown that a report was filed by someone else, when child abuse is knownof, it must be reported; in other cases, the courts do not requiresupplemental reports unless new incidents are involved. Since it is not clear whichfactors are the cause of the decline, it is recommended that empiricalstudies which yield a more thorough understanding of practices and policiesis needed. Egoover-control may be present, acting as a protective mechanism againstparental abuse. The effects of child sexual abuse comment on Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman (1998). Marital conflict tends to indirectly affect the quality of theparent-child relationship. The Child AbusePrevention and Treatment Act established programs that are specific formaltreated children, such as prevention and treatment programs, familyresource services, and research regarding causes, prevention, andtreatment. Thesechildren tend to be less popular, more rejected, and more neglected bypeers, compared to non-maltreated children (Shonk & Cicchetti, 2 1). P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. Defense strategies includechallenging the child's credibility with concerns for suggestibility,inaccurate memory recall, coaching, and delayed abuse reporting (Goodman,Quas, Bulkley, & Shapiro, 1999). Abused children also demonstratedistorted perceptions regarding others' feelings, intentions, and behaviorsand this results in hesitate, aggressive, or contradictory social behavior. C. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(1), 19-23.Saywitz, K. Inpatients(6 %) diagnosed with schizophrenia reported child sexual abuse; incestsurvivors scored significantly higher on the MMPI's Schizophrenia Scale.Abused patients also score higher on symptom measures. Dallam, Gleaves, Cepeda-Benito, Silberg, Kraemer, and Spiegel (2 1)reported on methodological limitations of the Rind, Tromovitch, andBauserman study. Clinical judgments regarding child abuse or neglect tend to come fromevaluations of these children by psychologists and clinicians. These authors reviewed andfurther examined the studies used in a meta-analytic examination of theseeffects in a college sample that was conducted in 1998, by Rind,Tromovitch, and Bauserman. T., & Diamond, T. Thesefindings did not support basic assumptions that regarding the negativeeffects of sexual child abuse, and became a topic of controversy. (2 ). It is recommended that a thorough examination of the practicesinvolved is needed to determine their efficacy. This agency is responsible for the administration ofprograms designed to improve the lives of those children who are at risk.The Children's Bureau administered the Adoption and Safe Families Act in1997. The Rind et al. Treatment of the abused child therefore tends to focus on familywellness. These evaluations are needed to assistin the decisions regarding case disposition and service planning.Developmental and emotional needs and functioning must be determined aswell as effects of maltreatment. Preschool andschool-age children who have been abused demonstrate anger, aggression, alack of empathy, fear, social withdrawal, somatic complaints, depression,and suicidal ideation (Shonk & Cicchetti, 2 1). Maltreated children, particularlyphysically abused children, demonstrate significantly more negative socialbehaviors, compared to non-maltreated children. Studies of parenting characteristics and risk ofchild abuse have shown that abusive parents report their child's behaviormore harshly and negative with unrealistic expectations than do nonabusingparents. While there hasbeen a decline in the number of substantiated cases of child sexual abuse,Finkelhor states that this decline may be a result of over caution amongprofessionals and the public regarding false reports and misguidedprosecutions or civil lawsuits. Posttraumatic stress disorder and low self-esteem arecommonly associated with child abuse. Maltreated children also demonstrate less ego resiliency orflexibility of impulse control, which leaves them less able to regulatetheir affect and behavior or to respond to situations appropriately. Another concern related to child abuse that affects the juvenilesystem is the fact that child abuse victims may become perpetrators ofchild abuse and offenders of other types of crime. Psychology, Public Police, and Law, 1(2), 479-493.Finkelhor, D. To quality for the immunity, details of thestatute must be followed (Small, Lyons, & Guy, 2 2). Maltreated toddlers, preschoolers, and school-agechildren demonstrate excessive dependency, reduced exploration, and socialwariness. The use of college students presented a sample bias whichdoes not allow the findings to be generalized to the overall population,since using college students potentially excludes those individuals mostseverely affected by child abuse. Regardless of opinion, psychologists and other practitioners rely onchild abuse and neglect reporting statutes to determine their duties andreporting behaviors. Role reversal with the child acting as thecaregiver for the parent and a lack of autonomy in the child are alsocommon. ReferencesAppel, A. (1998). (2 ). Juvenilecourt and social service professionals require assessments that arerelevant, reliable, and objective. The effects of child abuse include psychiatricdistress, social disruption, and lowered academic achievement. According to this law "the term 'child abuseand neglect' means, at a minimum, any recent act of failure to act on thepart of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical oremotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to actwhich presents an imminent risk of serious harm" (Golden, 1999, p. Recommendations Finkelhor (1998), a notable researcher and author in the field ofchild abuse, recommends that a focus on effective tracking, monitoring, andevaluating of current practices and policies is needed. Rates of serious crime bymale adolescents are increasing, with majorities found across ethnic andeconomic groups. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(4), 578-599.Budd, K. (1999). (2 1). Thus, child abuse and neglect result in deficitsin the development of emotion recognition and processing.Education Achievement and Other Effects of Abuse Shonk and Cicchetti (2 1) reported on the negative effects of childabuse on children's academic and behavioral adjustments. The CAPEsupports the Court Appointed Special Advocates, a nationwide volunteergroups which provides courtroom support for abused children. The Lancet, 356, S14.McGuigan, W. Studies concluded that over5 % of these children meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). Datafrom the National Child abuse and Neglect Data System in 1998 reported thatover 2.8 million cases of child maltreatment were investigated, with9 3, of these substantiated with evidence, and deaths from maltreatmenttotaling a national estimate of 1,118. These includecriminal case coordination, pretrial diversion programs for intrafamilialsex offenders rather than traditional criminal justice procedures, andtrained teams to conduct forensic interviews with children. Workers who are involved in theprotection of children, to include social workers and clinicalsociologists, need continual training to keep up with the changes in thelegal system and agency practices as well as to be aware of new researchfindings and improved clinical practice methods. Studies haveshown that maltreated children demonstrate poor school functioning acrossacademic, socio-emotional, and behavioral domains, compared to children whoare not maltreated. The Children's Justice Act programs assist in the investigationand prosecution of abuse and neglect cases (DeLay, 2 ; Golden, 1999). Low level abuseis more likely to be reported when the perpetrator is of color or lowsocioeconomic status. Studies have shownthat children who are victims of physical maltreatment are likely to haveparents who engage in physical violence. J., Gleaves, D. The child serves as a witness in court proceedings as well.Innovations for child witnesses have been developed. Theimportant role of the parent in the maltreatment and intervention of thisabuse is noted as is the required training needed for professionalsinvolved in the investigation, protection, and treatment of the abusedchild. A focus in treatment includes addressingthe maltreating mother who is described as more harsh, negative, andinterfering with the child. Neglectful parents are less engaged and expressive and providelittle affective information. The Lancet, 355(921 ), 1116-1117.Pollak, S. Perceived competence is also disrupted by maltreatment.Preschool and younger school-age maltreated children tend to overestimatetheir competence and older school-age maltreated children tend tounderestimate their competence (Shonk & Cicchetti, 2 1). This lack of emotion processing leads to increased risk forpsychological disorders. Home visitation programs have been shown to assist in theprevention of child abuse. Others report finding the law as ineffective and therefore ofless concern. The use of collegesamples also limits the scope of dependent measures. This law provides reforms in the child-welfare system and allows forstates to terminate parental rights when necessary. Mandated child abuse reporting laws in the United States, have been inplace for over 2 years, however opinions and understanding of these lawstends to vary with each practitioner. Read (1997) provided a summary of the research that demonstrates moredisastrous outcomes of childhood abuse. Child abuse or maltreatment is divided into the categories ofphysical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment.Definitions of child maltreatment are defined in the Child Abuse Preventionand Treatment Act of 1996. However, it may also be that vigilancerelated to the problem and the use of prevention programs and incarcerationof the offender, has resulted in this decline. Effects of Child Abuse Dallam, Gleaves, Cepeda-Benito, Silberg, Kraemer, and Spiegel (2 1)reported on the effects of child sexual abuse. The long-term effects of childhoodabuse have been found to include depression, suicide susceptibility,anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, eatingdisorders, sexual dysfunction, dissociative disorders, and personalitydisorders. Appel and Holden (1998) researched the literature regarding theassociation of spouse abuse and physical child abuse. Findings of their study were that the maltreated childrendemonstrated less academic engagement, more deficits in social skills,lower ego resiliency, and more externalizing and internalizing of behaviorproblems (Shonk & Cicchetti, 2 1). The Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement (CAPE) Act and othermeasures allow for state and local officials to obtain grants and resourcesfor child abuse services such as the Crime Victims' Fund. Some studies have shown that psychologists rate thechild's welfare as most important, followed by confidentiality, and the lawcoming last. JAMA, 28 (21), 1864-1865.Goodman, G. C., & Spiegel, D. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(5), 448-456.Renninger, S. & Pratt, C. Intrafamilial sexual abuse isassociated with greater negative effects than extrafamilial abuse.Definitions of child abuse differ which contributes to inconsistentfindings. Jail sentences range from 1 days to one year.Criminal liability has been enacted by around 2 states, with mostconsidering this a misdemeanor. Studies have shown that practitioners tend to demonstrate high levels ofknowledge regarding these laws, and the likelihood of abuse reporting ishigher when the victim is younger, sexual abuse or neglect are involved,the abuse is severe, and the certainty of abuse is clear. (1998). Compromised peerrelationship quality results in aggression, delinquency, depression,academic failure, and school withdrawal. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(1), 64-69.Muller, R. The causes of child abuse aremultiple and include domestic violence, parental views of the child,parental experience of child abuse, and child temperament. Training in child protective services a commentary on the Amicus Brief of Bruck and Ceci (1993/1995). Since child sexual abuse is viewed asdebilitating, it is likely that fewer victims may be present in a collegesample. Clinical assessment of children in child protection cases an empirical analysis. Abused children also demonstrate increased tendencies forinternalization and externalization of behavior problems. Immunity does notapply to self-reporters. Standardsassociated with helping professionals include academic qualifications of abachelor's degree in social work, sociology, guidance and counseling, orpsychology. The externalizingof psychological distress such as with high-risk behaviors, antisocialbehaviors, conduct disorders, self-destructive behaviors, substance abuse,and risky sexual activity, which are all considered outcomes of childhoodsexual abuse, also tend not to be assessed in the college population.Despite these problems, the Rind et al. T., Goh, H. The prevalence ofchild abuse requires an investigatory process and professionals trained inthis area. E., & Holden, G. In addition it isdifficult to define child maltreatment since it is not always reliablyreported or directly observable. The authors investigated 181 couples with firstborn infants todetermine the mediating effect of parent's negative cognitions on domesticviolence and resulting child abuse. F. M., Veach, P. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 33(1), 1-13.Neugebauer, R. A. The social supports of high-risk, formerly maltreated adults. (2 2). Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 32(1), 1-5.Nelson, G., Laurendeau, M., & Chamberland, C. One study reported that maltreatedchildren were 2.5 times more likely to fail a grade. Male inpatients report similar rates of physical abuse andlower rates of sexual abuse as a child. Developmental Psychology, 37(1), 3-17.Shuman, D. Child abuse and psychosis a literature review and implications for professional practice. This negative view was a mediating variable in the effect ofdomestic violence resulting in risk of child abuse, for both the mother andthe father (McGuigan, Vuchinich, & Pratt, 2 ). Melchert also noted that studies have found inconsistentresults with some demonstrating that up to 4 % of sexually abused childrenappear to be not symptomatic and other studies showing that childhood abuseresults in a variety of negative psychological and psychosocialconsequences. The FosterCare Independence Act of 1999 helps children pass out of foster care intoadulthood. Social competencies or the ability to form relationships is adevelopmental task during school years. This immunity provides protection frombeing sued for damages that result from the report. Improving research, policy, and practice to understand child sexual abuse. The abused child tends to show deficits in secure attachments withthe parents or caregivers (Howes, Cicchetti, Toth, & Rogosch, 2 ).Muller and Diamond (1999) pointed out that research regarding the role ofthe father in abuse tends to be lacking. M., Vuchinich, S. Studies have alsoshown a relationship between child abuse and schizophrenia. Parents and families play an important part in the maltreatment andrecovery from this abuse. This data also pointed outthat over 8 % of the perpetrators were parents and 1 % were relatives.Over 5 % of the abuse was neglect, 25% was physical abuse, 12% was sexualabuse, and 6% was psychological abuse, medical neglect and other forms ofmaltreatment (Golden, 1999; Johnson, 2 ). M., & Cicchetti, D. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. In one study of 4 battered-women's shelterresidents, 53% of the husbands abused the children and 28% of the wivesabused the children. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1 5 -1 53.Howes, P. Melchert (2 ) points out that most studies regarding theconsequences of child abuse tend to focus on the effects of physical andsexual abuse since these types of abuse are easier to identify thanemotional abuse. P. Death from child abuse and neglect. J., Mannarino, a. Maltreatment, competency deficits, and risk for academic and behavioral maladjustment. (2 1). Consequences of error can be profound(Dodgen, 2 ). While up to two thirds of the children appear to improve overtime, many do not, and a "sleeper effect" has been noted in which childrendo not manifest serious symptoms until later. S., Felix, E. L., & Rogosch, F. (2 ). Clarifying the effects of parental substance abuse, child sexual abuse, and parental caregiving on adult adjustment. Maryland and Wyoming are the only states that do not impose criminalliability for failure to report. H., Cepeda-Benito, A., Silberg, J. The study of family interaction inmaltreating families has shown that these families are always changing withone or more member moving in or out with frequency and this instabilitymakes it harder to view and change the family system. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1 54- 1 55.Dodgen, D. Families have been conceptualized as anorganized whole for decades. Visitation must be considered with advantagesand disadvantages. The authors reviewed 31 studiesand found that studies with community samples showed a co-occurrence rateof 6%, studies with clinical samples of battered women or physically abusedchildren showed an overlap percentage that ranged from 2 % to 1 %, andwhen a conservative definition of child abuse was employed, the median co-occurrence rate was 4 %. H., Lemieux, K. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 624-633.Dallam, S. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 31(4), 221-228.Muller, R. Innovations for child witnesses. Treatment of thisgroup is difficult since symptoms vary and children may be referred totherapy do to the abuse rather than symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 715-733.DeLay, T. Maltreated boys in particular are rated as having a lack of motivationin the classroom. (1999). Physicalabusers interact more frequently with their children than neglectfulparents but are more negative with increased rates of physical and verbalaggression. Severity of abuse has been linked to greater probability of apsychiatric disorder in adulthood. (1995). Neugebauer (2 ) pointed out that child neglect is associated withlater aggression and childhood abuse is a risk for aggression and otherpsychopathological features in adulthood. Psychologists' knowledge, opinions, and decision-making processes regarding child abuse and neglect reporting laws. In most statesthis is a misdemeanor but penalty varies ranging from a maximum of $25 to amaximum of $5, . Federal legislative programs have responded to the problem ofchild abuse. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 679-688.Read, J. Separation from familymembers may yield transitory pathology that becomes a part of theassessment. Community-based programs help to promote familywellness. Quick decision making must be weighed with theneed for further information. There are numerous studies that support the relationship betweenchildhood sexual abuse and academic difficulties to include failure tofinish high school and failure to remain in college. Policies on Child Abuse and Ethical IssuesPrevention Billions of dollars have been spent nationally on child welfareprograms. F. (1999). Cases result in mandatory sentencing for seriousadolescent offenders, stiff sentences for recidivists, and death penalty insome cases (Chamberlain & Reid, 1998). (2 1). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(1), 3-12.Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. Protectivepolicies are numerous and provide for the child's welfare. Research on intergenerational transmission of violence: The next generation. Psychology, Public Police, and Law, 4(4), 1226-1252.Small, M. Science, policy, and the protection of children. M., & Bagdade, P. These evaluations become a part of the legal process (Budd,Felix, Poindexter, Naik-Polan, & Sloss, 2 2). In addition, increasingcaseloads demand expanded training to provide protective services withprofessionals that have in-depth knowledge and skills. Role of Parents, Social Workers and Clinical Sociologists Muller, Goh, Lemieux, and Fish (2 ) reported on the need for socialsupport in maltreated individuals. Pollak, Cicchetti, Hornung, and Reed (2 ) reported that maltreatingparents tend to differ from parents in non-maltreating families.Maltreating parents exhibit less positive emotion and more negativeemotion, isolate themselves and their families, and allow their children tobe exposed to fewer alternate models of emotional communication. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(4), 613-624.Melchert, T. Children learn to cooperate,share, negotiate, and consider others. The federal response to child abuse and neglect. S., Quas, J. A., Lyons, P. An increase in sexual abuse has resulted in a need for focus onthis difficult problem with increased out-of-home care. The admissibility of expert testimony based upon clinical judgment and scientific research. (2 2). T., & Sloss, C. S. Those that are in a position toprotect children must be aware of and uphold these mandated reporting laws. findings were generalized to thepopulation as a whole, since they were representative of a national sampleof college students. Since there is a lack of integration regarding all of thesystems that are involved in the diagnoses and treatment of child abuse, itis difficult to evaluate the process. Sibling support was also animportant factor. They show deficits in affect regulation and impairment inautonomous mastery. Child Abuse Abstract This research paper presents the topic of child abuse. Abused children demonstrate more severe academic problems, compared tocontrols in some studies, however findings are inconsistent. Theprofessional dealing with abused children has an ethical responsibility toprovide for the child's welfare and to abide by statutes involved in thereporting of this abuse. Clinical evaluations are used to manage childprotection cases with preventive and reunification programs that preservefamily integrity as much as possible. Most measures ofadjustment were assessed with generic measures of depression, anxiety, andeating disorders. L., Kraemer, H. Abused children have difficulty understandingemotions. (2 ). Recognizing emotion in faces developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. A., Bulkley, J., & Shapiro, C. (1998). W., & Sales, B. Inaddition, parent education and training programs, and self-help and supportgroup programs have been shown to be helpful (Nelson, Laurendeau, &Chamberland, 2 1). Abusive parents tend to view their child asbeing difficult and demanding, and they have less acceptance of the child. Factors that have been associated with child maltreatment includedomestic violence and parental views of the infant. Further difficulties were that CSA definitions,outcome measures, and data collection methods were different acrossstudies. The goals areto decrease potential harm to the child involved in a criminal case and tofacilitate prosecution of the perpetrator. One study demonstrated thatindividuals who had experienced childhood abuse were four times more likelyto assault family members or a sexual partner, compared to those withoutthis history. Domestic violence, parents' views of their infant, and risk for child abuse. Risk of harm if the child remains or isreunited with the parents must be determined as well as the results ofseparation from the parents. Maltreated boys and girls are rated by parents andteachers as less ready to learn and more dependent on teachers, with lessmotivation. (2 ). Childhood abuse is considered a major cause of clinicalpsychiatric syndromes to include depressive, anxiety, and addictivedisorders and it is a risk factor for borderline, passive-aggressive,antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders. However findings from their studyof 1,536 parents and their 983 college-age children showed that the fathersplay an important role in adaptive and maladaptive functioning of thechild, with physical abuse from fathers resulting in aggressive behavior inboys and girls. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1 4 -1 49.Shonk, S. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 95-11 .Johnson, C. More recently, Saywitz, Mannarino, Berliner, and Cohen (2 )reported on the effects of child sexual abuse. Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Fighting for children. Child Abuse & Causes Child abuse continues to be a problem and a national concern. Thesechildren have been shown to be more likely to need special educationalservices, have below-grade-level achievement scores, to be retained agrade, and to have poor work habits. Shonk and Cicchettistudied 229 socioeconomically disadvantaged children of whom, 146 weremaltreated. The courts tend to be motivated by the broadinterpretation of the statutes and the consideration of the states'interest level. While these numbers were less thanthe year before, victims remain, with infants and children under the age ofthree being the largest age group of victims. Empirical studies to determine thefacts regarding false allegations, numbers of children who receivetreatment, effects of prevention and treatment, and re-abuse, are needed. Expert testimony includes expert opinions based on clinicaljudgments with no available scientific research, opinions based on clinicaljudgments when there is scientific research available, results ofscientific research with clinical judgments, and results of scientificresearch only (Shuman & Sales, 1998). The courts offer practical guidance regarding theinterpretation of the statutes. Read (1997) also stated that individuals with psychiatric hospitaladmissions are five times more frequent for those reporting exposure togenital abuse, and 16 times more frequent for those reporting exposure tointercourse. While California and some other states grantabsolute and unqualified immunity, most other states limit the immunity to"good faith" reporting. Social support has been shown to reduceeffects of child sexual and physical abuse on psychopathology, in childrenand adult survivors. (1997). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. The issuespresented include the causes of child abuse, the policies on child abuseand ethical issues, the effects of child abuse, and the role of parents,social workers and clinical sociologists. The child's experience in thewelfare system can affect the assessment process. D. (2 ). Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(1), 13-18. The followingissues are presented: child abuse and its causes; policies on child abuseand ethical issues, with prevention and impact of child abuse on thejuvenile system; effects of child abuse including effects on educationachievement; role of parents, social workers and clinical sociologists; andrecommendations. Maltreatment results in reduced acquisition of conflict-resolutiontechniques in school-age children which results in the reliance on coerciveways to resolve peer conflicts in boys and victimization in girls. study resulted in the followingmain findings: although the magnitude of association was small, for allsymptoms but one, Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) participants were less welladjusted than controls; family environment explained more adjustmentvariance than CSA; negative effects were temporary implying a lack ofintensity; CSA adjustment problems were worse for women than men; andsexually abused males did not differ from controls in adjustment. This legislation gives states money to provide life skills tofoster children, extend Medicaid coverage past age 18 years, and preparefoster kids for employment or further education (DeLay, 2 ).Laws and Ethics Care for the abused child includes ethical consideration of thecareful balance between family unity and child safety, and thedetermination of when to utilize aggressive intervention rather than topreserve family autonomy. Psychology, Public Police, and Law, 5(2), 255- 281.Golden, O. Support behavioral therapyand CBT have been shown to be more effective than non-behavioral therapies. Findings of this study showed thatboth mothers and fathers who experienced domestic violence during theirchild's first year of life, had a significantly more negative view of theirchild. Liability provisions include threecategories: immunity from civil and criminal liability; criminal liabilityfor failure to report; and criminal liability for a false report (Small,Lyons, & Guy, 2 2). The treatment of the family is a recognizedintervention for child maltreatment. The Children's Bureau, Administration for Children, Youth,and Families in the Administration on Children and Families (ACF) is thefederal focal point. Liability issues in child abuse and neglect reporting statutes. Immunity must be provided to mandated reporters in order for a stateto be eligible for a federal grant. While ethics regarding client privilegeare always a concern, legal mandates of reporting laws must be abided byand challenges to the constitutionality of the statutes tend to befruitless (Small, Lyons, & Guy, 2 2).Impact of Child Abuse on the Juvenile Justice System An important impact of child abuse on the juvenile system is the useof testimony for responsibility and liability issues involved in childhoodabuse. American Psychologist, 55(9), 1 34-1 35.Doris, J., Mazur, R., & Thomas, M. In their study of 66 adult survivors, findings werethat support was experienced most from friends and emotional support wasreceived more than instrumental support. Affective, organizational, and relational characteristics of maltreating families a systems perspective. E., & Fish, S. (1998). Adolescent perpetratorsinvolved in sibling and other forms of child abuse become involved in thejuvenile judicial system (Neugebauer, 2 ). Introduction This research paper presents the topic of child abuse. These programs need to be long-term, beginning at birth. For example, parentalmaltreatment may be a response to a child's temperament or it may be thecause of the child's difficulties (Neugebauer, 2 ). Emotion recognition is an importantcomponent in understanding social cues that are needed to determinebehavioral responses. Doris Mazur, and Thomas (1995) reported on needs for formal trainingin child protective service personnel. The causes of child abuse have been researched and it has beenconcluded that maltreatment of children does not result from a singlefactor. 1 51). To understand the causes of maltreatment, environmental,individual, and family factors must be considered. Thus, the experienceof childhood abuse can be a cause of adult maltreatment of children. B. Studies of female psychiatricinpatients have shown a correlation with histories of child abuse (64%),with variations in findings related to variations in definitions. (2 ). (2 ). (2 2). M., & Guy, L. McGuigan, Vuchinich,and Pratt (2 ) reported that domestic violence is related to increasedrisk of child abuse. W. (2 ). A. W., Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. Extent of physical violence,repeated episodes, younger age of abuse, and sexual abuse involving genitalcontact are factors related to psychiatric inpatients. A review of programs to promote family wellness and prevent the maltreatment of children. The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse a review and appraisal. M., Naik-Polan, A. Some children demonstratefew symptoms and others show serious psychiatric symptoms such asdepression, sexualized behavior, substance abuse, aggression, low self-esteem, shame, cognitive distortions, and PTSD symptoms. (2 ). If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.