DRUG & ALCOHOL ADDICTION.   Term Paper ID:29198 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Problems of addictive behavior to individuals and society. Examines use of different drugs. Problems of alcohol dependence and abuse. Historical perspective. Need for effective psychoanalytical tools to treat addictive behavior. Discusses research reports and programs. Addictive disorders and psychosocial intervention. Use of medication. Importance of individualized treatment plan. Paper Introduction: I. Introduction Drug and alcohol addiction are two of the main addictions plaguing young people today. Approximately 80 percent of college students drink, and 20 percent of them are problem drinkers (Murphy et al, 2001). Young drug users, and recent-onset injectable-drug addicts are at high risk for HIV infection (Fennema, van Amejiden, van den Hoek and Coutinho, 1997). Several studies have shown that there is a loss of control that happens in addicted persons which makes them unable to resist the temptation to drink or take drugs (Lyvers, 2000; Fillmore and Sprott, 1999). Others have shown that addicts responds to cues which cause them to ingest dependence-producing dugs (Drummond and Glautier, 1994). These two factors - a loss of control and response to cues - are areas which can be treated Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. The key seems to be at finding theright treatment for each individual. Different drugs become more popular at different times, due toaccess, price, and sources of supply, and alcohol is always available.There is no one answer to the problem. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7, pp.1 3-1 9. The effects of cue exposure do not seem to be simply mediated byresponsivity, and it seems it is necessary to individually tailor cues aswith cue exposure for phobic neuroses. Recent developments in the pharmacotherapy ofsubstance abuse. The groups had higherantidrinking attitudes, higher refusal assertiveness, and lower risk takingbehavior than controls. The parallels betweensome aspects of drug addiction and disorders of the frontal lobe, andrecent evidence of frontal lobe effects of addictive drugs, haveimplications for the debate of the notion that addicts are characterized bya true loss of control over their drug use. Conclusions Drugs and alcohol have always been the major addictive problems ofsociety. I. Compulsive drug-seekingbehavior has attendant social dysfunction and treatment of addictivedisorders always requires psychosocial intervention. The primary response to this has been to issue information tostudents on alcohol and the potential of its misuse, but this has hadlittle effect. Overview Murphy et al (2 1) addressed the issue of college drinking. C., & Glautier, S. (1996). Psychol.,62, pp. On six days, they received ProgressiveRelaxation Training. Approximately 8 percent of college students drink,and 2 percent of them are problem drinkers (Murphy et al, 2 1). J., Stewart, S. Medicationshave been demonstrated to help in the rehabilitation of patients addictedto nicotine (nicotine patch, nicotine gum), alcohol (antabuse), and opiates(methadone, 1-?-acetylmethadol, buprenorphine, naltrexone). E3. Success rates are lower formarijuana and alcohol abusers. This makes research important to develop effective psychoanalytical toolswith which to treat addictive behavior. It would reduce the number of violent acts, particularly domesticviolence, caused by the effects of alcohol. D., Cote, S, Fontaine, V., &Dongier, M. G., Duchnick, J. Lyvers, M. O=Brien, C. The culturally focused program was designed for minority students anduses multicultural mythic and contemporary stories through storytelling,video and peer leaders. Unfortunately,no medications have yet been found to treat addiction to cocaine,cannabinoids, non-alcohol sedatives or hallucinogens. The generalskills group also received knowledge related to drugs and alcohol andcertain materials designed to modify normative expectations. Residential programs seemthe most effective, and combining an individualized therapy program withresidential care and support during the withdrawal phase may offer the bestchance for success. Consulting & Clin. Conrod et al (2 )carried out a study to determine the effect ofbrief coping skills intervention that matched certain personality profilesof female substance abusers. The percentage ofsuccess for a patient is directly related to their length of stay inrehabilitation centers - 75 percent for five years for those who spend twoyears in treatment, 5 percent for those who stay for one year, and lessthan 25 percent for those who stay less than one year. The subjects were interviewed at one- three- and six-months after thetest. Extreme pleasure=s excessive price.Boston Globe, p. J., Schinke, S. 231-242. In the past 4 years, much hasbeen learned from the literature on substance abusers treated in federallyfunded treatment modalities (De Leon, 1993). Follow-up reports indicated that after two years, both approachessignificantly reduced adolescent=s intentions to drink beer, wine, orliquor, and produced significant reductions in how often they actuallydrank alcohol and how often they got drunk. Exp. (1999, October). Fennema, J. Conrod, P. W.,Karg, R. Binge drinking was definedas four or more drinks per occasion. Relativeefficacy of a brief motivational intervention for college student drinkers. The otherintervention involved viewing a 3 -minute video of a graduate studenttalking about the problems caused by alcohol, followed by a 2 -minutediscussion of the video and some generic information on the risks of heavyalcohol use. Several studies have shown that there is a loss of control thathappens in addicted persons which makes them unable to resist thetemptation to drink or take drugs (Lyvers, 2 ; Fillmore and Sprott,1999). Historical Perspective Over the years, the treatment of addictions has changes as thepatterns in drugs of choice have changed. Effectiveness of culturally focused and general skillstraining approaches to alcohol and drug abuse prevention among minorityadolescents: two-year follow-up results. Young and recent-onset injection drug users are at higherrisk for HIV . This may extend toother forms of addictive behavior, and so may have important implicationsfor psychoanalytic counseling for addictive behavior.V. It would help return many homelesspeople to work and therefore give them the opportunity to get off thestreets. (2 ). E., Davison, J. (1995). After repeated drug administration, cuessuch as the sight or smell of alcohol or drug paraphernalia, elicitconditioned responses, and in the case of alcohol, the intensity of theresponse is related to the degree of dependency. W. A controlled trial of cueexposure treatment in alcohol dependence. (2 1). P., Epstein, J. These medicationsmay make the addict more amenable to psychological counseling. De Leon, G. There are nowmedications available which can help treat these disorders. The 9 -minute interventions were either: amotivation-matched intervention involving personality-specific motivationaland coping skills; a motivational control intervention involving amotivational film and a supportive discussion with a therapist; or amotivation-mismatched intervention targeting a theoretically differentpersonality profile. S. 183-194. Others have shown that addicts responds to cues which cause them toingest dependence-producing dugs (Drummond and Glautier, 1994). Drummond, D. Clark, T. The students were asked at three- and 9-month follow-ups how much theintervention had affected their alcohol use. 1457-1465. The considerable knowledgegained has broad implications for psychological science, theory andpractice. Cues associated with theingestion of dependence-producing drugs have been shown to have importantresponse-eliciting properties. The work in the field of addictions has generated severalparadigms which have affected how psychoanalysts now approach the problem. Pretreatment socialstability and level of alcohol-related problems were both found to besignificant predictors of treatment outcome. J., Vuchinick, R. Recent research using brain imaging techniques, neuropsychologicaltesting, and other techniques has shown that the frontal lobes areparticularly vulnerable to the acute and chronic effects of addictivedrugs, especially cocaine and alcohol (Lyvers, 2 ). The drug is available purer andcheaper than ever before, and can be snorted or smoked, so the risks ofinjection and the stigma attached are less. What psychologists can learn from addictiontreatment research. P. Efficacy of brief coping skills intervention thatmatch different personality profiles of female substance abusers.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, pp. (1997). The importance to society is in many areas. References Botvin, G. There is evidencefor a hyperdopaminergic mechanism of acute and chronic drug-involvedfrontal lobe dysfunction with premorbid factors. S., Olson, A. A., & Coutinho,R. T. J. H., Pihl, R. A., van Amejiden, J. Two treatments were used: oneconsisted of a BASICS interview with a graduate clinician using apersonalized feedback sheet from the screening data, conducted in amotivational-interview style, with a very supportive clinician. 373-379. Botvin, Schinke, Epstein, Diaz and Botvin (1995) looked at theeffectiveness of culturally focused and generic skills training approachesto prevent drug and alcohol abuse among minority adolescents in New Yorkcity schools. A., Diaz, T., & Botvin, E.M. The discussion focused on how the student though in generalabout college student drinking. For one thing, areduction in the number of drug addicts would lead to a reduction in crimewhich always accompanies the illicit drug business. & Clin.Psychopharmacology, 8, pp. Murphy, J. After a familiarization session, cue exposure subjects were exposedto alcohol cues for 4 minutes a day, and to normal cues for 1 minutes aday for 1 consecutive weekdays. (1993). As manyas 2 percent of college students are problem drinkers, they say, and bingedrinking can often lead to accidents, arrests, risky sexual behavior, andpoor grades. Future Indications Addictive disorders are chronic and relapsing by definition, and long-term treatment is often necessary (O=Brien, 1996). Psychol.,64, pp. (2 ). Alcohol consumption wasassessed with a Daily Drinking Questionnaire. The relaxation group were only exposed toalcohol and neutral stimuli for five minutes on test days and spent therest of the time relaxing. These researchers tested a brief motivational interventionon 299 Auburn University students who were assessed at the beginning of thestudy, after three months, and after 9 months. However, for clients treated in residentialcenters, overall drug use and criminality are reduced. Youngdrug users, and recent-onset injectable-drug addicts are at high risk forHIV infection (Fennema, van Amejiden, van den Hoek and Coutinho, 1997). C., van den Hoek. Most of the changes have come about from the study of drug abuse (DeLeon, 1993). Individualized programs address theissues that cause that particular individual to become an addict andtherefor have more chance of being successful. Stories model different skills through characterswho overcome obstacles and achieve goals by various methods and in contextsrepresentative of different cultures - Greek, African, and Spanish. Overall, the cue exposure group had a more favorable outcome interms of returning to heavier drinking and dependence. M., Smith, A. F., & Coffey, T. A. The first two programs both teach cognitive-behavioralskills for problem solving and decision making, building self-esteem,resisting peer pressure, managing stress and anxiety, communicatingeffectively, and developing positive personal relationships. (1994). However, nearly all heroininhalers eventually go on to inject the drug, and with this goes the addedincrease in the risk of needle-transmitted diseases such as HIV andhepatitis.III. The group who underwent theBASICS intervention showed a greater reduction in alcohol use than theeducation group or controls, showing that even a small amount of personalintervention may be beneficial in reducing student drinking. This studyindicates that psychological intervention needs to be client-directed andfocus on personality-specific motives for substance abuse.IV. Addiction, 92, pp. This approachwas initially designed for White, middle-class adolescents and usesdemonstrations, behavioral rehearsal, feedback, and reinforcement. The effectiveness of cue-exposure treatment in alcohol dependence wasexamined by Drummond and Glautier (1994). 225-245. Psychology of AddictiveBehaviors, 9, pp. If the prefrontal cortex isthe neural basis of self-control, then frontal lobe dysfunction under theacute and chronic influence of drugs and alcohol might account for theinability of addicts to control drug or alcohol use. 677-686. J. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, pp. ALoss of Control@ in alcoholism and drugaddiction a neuroscientific interpretation. Thirty-five men who hadbeen detoxified were assigned to a cue exposure or relaxation controlgroup. There has ben an upward trend in heroin use since the mid-199 s, andbetween 1995 and 1999 it overtook cocaine as the drug of choice among thoseseen in treatment centers (Clark, 1999). It would also savemany lives destined for a rapid demise due to their drug habits. Thereduction in alcoholism would again save lives, but would also increaseproductivity of those whose alcohol problem interferes with their abilityto work efficiently and accurately. Students were in the sixth or seventh grade, and werematched and assigned to receive a generic skills training preventionapproach, a culturally focused prevention approach, or an information-onlycontrol approach. Consulting & Clin. These twofactors - a loss of control and response to cues - are areas which can betreated by psychoanalytic means and so are worthy of further investigation. Dependence did not predictoutcome. Introduction Drug and alcohol addiction are two of the main addictions plaguingyoung people today. 8 9-817. Thirty percent of opiate addicts in these treatment programshave favorable outcomes, which include no use of illicit drugs, and noarrests in one to five years after treatment. The three modalities tested most were: methadone maintenanceprograms, drug-free outpatient programs, and residential therapeuticcommunities. Assessment of the women six months later revealed that only thematched intervention proved to be more effective than the controlintervention in reducing the frequency and severity of problematic alcoholand drug use, and preventing multiple use of medical services. Reduction in alcoholdependence would also reduce the number of accidents in the workplace andon the roads caused by impaired functioning due to alcohol abuse, hangoversand other alcohol- related problems.II. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.