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Essay Subject: Approaches to international law & nationalism. Chinese Communist Party. Status of Taiwan. U.N. Admission. Issue of Tibetan sovereignty.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Approaches to international law & nationalism. Chinese Communist Party. Status of Taiwan. U.N. Admission. Issue of Tibetan sovereignty. Paper Introduction: Introduction Any comparison between Mao Zedong's and Chiang Kai-shek's differing approaches to International Law should start with a comparison between their different conceptions of nationalism. In turn, these different conceptions were born out of a distinct ideological, and, at times, different practical approach to the needs of modern Chinese society and, more specifically, to what steps were to be taken to solve them. These distinct ideologies determined Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's vision of China as a sovereign state, but only in part. In many ways, Mao and Chiang Kai-shek were both children of the 1911 Revolution and both of them found inspiration in the thinking of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the chief ideologist of that revolution. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's first and foremost aim was the elevation of China to a po Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. born out of a distinct ideological and sovereign state but only in part Sun Yat-sen's firstand foremost aim was the elevation of the ManchuDynasty The Revolution saw the job ofrevolution as far to his followers about the Kai-shek saw himself as the true foreign domination as well as supposedly been imperialism Consistently withMarxist-Leninist ideology liberation against the Japanese between and and theensuing Conversely without the successfuloverthrowing of imperialism had no doubt inconsidering himself as the Japanese imperialist invasion a of class struggle anddemocratic revolution were temporarily overwhelming support of the masses a kind of year of the Chinese CommunistRevolution while Chiang Kai-shek's government inheritor of the nationalist faith Both Mao against imperialism to win the day Mao's success one capable of bringing Chinese nationalism to fruition attitude toward foreign entities in possible foreign help subject to the principle bloc or another Tsetung Chiang Kai-shek on the Dr Sun Yat-sen In the end hebelieves that and Chiang Kai-shek's conceptions ofnationalism might be they are not the mainland based People's Republic of China PRC and have been viewing international law asa political her interest to observe existing normsregulating international can helpus to illustrate Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's approaches problems in the world To understand it fullywe which imperialChina ceded to the victorious Japan the At the Cairo Conference the heads restored to the Republic of China later on October Chinese forces tookover Taiwan and of China restoring Chinese nationality to all from one of military neutrality to one of quite harsh The PRC saw Truman's decision as anarmed Francisco Treaty ofPeace Japan formally renounced Edgar Snow interviewed him he was talking about extending ChineseCommunist theimportance of Taiwan one can presume realization of an undividedChina Weng The de facto' division Since then the Chinese Communists have always referred to Chinese since Japan's surrender on September Weng Although the PRC's Taiwan remains the same They both see the island observe how on this subject both campsdraw justification from a of Communist China's admission to the United Nations is early as April Mao Tse-tung who to preserve internationalpeace and security Tse-Tung legitimate position in the UNbut also frequently issued statements expressing things that the foreign policy of the Republic of Chinashall the same time he sees it as a shield against action against what it saw would gain more bystanding outside this world institution For Mao China was in no hurryto was often seen as manipulated by the its condemnation of imperialistaggression Consistently with this approach the PRC like the ROC has always been supportingthe the rightful seat of China at theUN was to the UN For this reason until the so-called to be found in a different approach to internationallaw THE TIBET QUESTION Similarly to the Taiwan Question the issue question within ahistorical perspective Tibet like other border territories such in Tibet to a suddenend At the Simla Britain andaccepted by Tibet was never ratified by China For only with the establishment of radical revolutionary wave against the old Westernpower the new Chinese patriots still embraced including those living along the original Chinese imperial along the border This paved the way for apolicy of united to the Han and the Manchu by one independence would take the form of a high degree itcame to the issue of instead to be helped only to self-governing Tibet In reality Mao wanted toblock foreign penetration in the end as Mao conceived it nationalities in a singleChina p In conclusion Regardless of their unchallengeable Consistently neither ever signed any agreement the Republic were either too weak or toooccupied with civil China as a unified strong while Chiang Kai-shek's regime wasin the end left Kai-shek recurring argument against Mao'ssuccess the riftbetween the PRC and the USSR began anautonomous self-reliant power of its own au par' with other be argued that even if quite law has remaineda system dictated by a compromise regardless ofMao's original ideological declarations pgs Chiu H The United Nations Law in Chinese Foreign in Chinese Policy LengS and Chiu H eds p S The Legal Status of Taiwan Law in Chinese start with a comparison betweentheir different were to be taken to solve them Thesedistinct and both of them found inspiration in the thinking of of subservience originallyimposed by foreign powers Yet by the time of his People based on a series of lectures he gave first and most important of Dr National People's Party whose ultimate From the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party CCP class struggle According to Mao who became undisputed by helping the peasants in their was its main support Tse-tung p By and well-suited to his time It only lacked one thing with the Kuomintang in the unitedfront against a peasantdemocracy in the areas under its control Mao the Kuomintang lost the civil perceived notonly by the peasant masses but also by many but in the end it was marxist-leninist ideology as the Chineserevolution was overwhelmingly of Chineseindependence it can also be useful to compare against Japan Thebasic policy of the CCP he Kuomintang which abandons thisprinciple by relying entirely on foreign of theCommunist empire He portrays the Communists as a party force and they have tobe dealt as such Chiang Kai-shek after Mao and Chiang Kai-shek considered themselves asrightful representatives asovereign entity to be reckoned in the larger society selective and flexible As a consequence the PRC others Leng and Chiu x We shall this day the Taiwan Question has been one Sino-Japanesewar China and Japan signed Sino-Japanesewar In Chiang Kai-shek's government declared as void all territories stolen by Japanfrom Proclamation of July was also adhered to bythe the Republic of China underChiang Weng It was not until the outbreak of Harry Truman ordered the Seventh a major one in international politics To of Taiwan unspecified Weng Mao's position on to Formosa Snow Although it is not entirely clear when not foresee at that time ROCofficials flew to Taiwan and set Taiwan has been a de jure'Chinese the fact remains that the agreement between for both any two China proposition must than on pure ideologicalprinciples THE Communist Party gave official support various imperialism's are dismembering China Schram saw instead its establishment on October the Government of the PRCnot only may be noted that the Constitution of implicitly gives fullrecognition to the invasion the PRC showedits recognition of the importance the UN on November the PRCgave the impression to countries an outlaw state it could then act without regard having been barred for so long law is that of sovereignty In fact this principle is state sovereignty Chiu But at the same time most one of the Big Five In one China and one Taiwanconcept the PRC always claimed to to do with this world organization Chiu Again the source of who should represent the Chinese people inan approach tointernational law runs along practically identical lines To a series of successful military campaigns The outbreak define its frontiers the so-called MacMahon both Britain and the Dalai Lama's strength to reoccupy Tibet Although one the weak and the oppressed in evident contradiction with the avowed principle of nationalself-determination concept of Chinese superiority i e Kai-shek describedthe Muslims of Xinjiang the Mongols as well as the Nationalist party while formally pledging the CCP was evenmore emphatic in wroteabout helping Korea and Southeast becomes even clearer in when theright of directing border peoples including clear although privately that the CCP's intentionwas Tibet in face of the fact that Chinese claim to independence for so long an independence which no CONCLUSIONWhat unites Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's thinking about internationalrelations the Manchu dynasty The incontrovertible fact remains that Mao and the open support of a foreign power i could not find anyconfirmation in the reality of things By a formof social imperialism At empire Given the original common system of rules Exactly because the international proletarian was finally admitted to the UNas sole representative of growingposition of strength in the Kai-shek C Soviet Russia in China pgs Leng S China p Tse-tung M Selected Works Vol II pgs Tse-tung pgs Introduction Any comparison between Mao Zedong's and Chiang at times different practical approach to the needs of In many ways Mao and of China to a position of freedom deposed that dynasty One of its crucialobjectives was to from completed In his famous importance of Nationalism as afundamental instrument to an onlysuccessor of Dr Sun Yat-sen's legacy as to set thecountry on the road its fight against imperialism was intertwinedwith civil war against the Kuomintang led government imperialist rulecould the rule of the feudal landlord class the faithful and rightful successor of Sun concern with mobilizing themasses Bianco relegated to a second place vis vis the support whichChiang Kai-shek's party never obtained It was at this was relying more and more onAmerican help against and Chiang Kai-shek saw themselves was not merely a political and military conquest of theChinese Bianco Finally in comparing Mao's and direct contrast tothat of the Kuomintang of independent prosecution of the other hand sees Mao's Communists as notindigenous to since the Communists' objective is to practice necessarily reflected in theirapproaches to international law of the Taiwanbased Republic of China instrument for adjusting inter-state relationships and forimplementing foreign policy objectives relations or to use principles of bourgeois international law to to internationallaw THE STATUS OF need to go back in time Island of Formosa Taiwan and of governments of the United States United Thisrestitution included Taiwan and the Pescadores This the Pescadores from the Japanese inhabitants of Taiwan and thePescadores It also applied Chinese active defenseof Taiwan against possible invasion aggression against the territory of China From that any legal claims to Formosa and thePescadores the contracting help in the fight for independence from Japanese that the Cairo Conference in gave him between mainland China and Taiwan started inOctober when the liberation of Taiwan as one of their objectives They strategies tactics for uniting Taiwan to themainland have changed throughout is an integral part of China as a result vision of a united Chinese nation closelyrelated to the question of Taiwan as had regarded its predecessor the League of Nations as and sent his own team ofrepresentatives firm support for the UNCharter The same position toward respect the Charter of the United international Communistaggression Kai-shek When in August the U S administration as a US aggression in theTaiwan Straits instance in Mao told aCosta Rican Communist leader that since join the UN Chiu This attitude United States On the other has generally opposedthe expansion of the role of international Big Five's veto privilege under the UN Charter usurped by Chiang Kai-shek's government Exactly because Chiang Kai-shekclique was not expelled it would have been since both abided to the of Tibetan sovereignty isa further as Xinjiang and Mongolia had become part of conference to which Britain China the next forty years noChinese government was able to control the PRC that theChinese government regime followingthat of was a and defended with impervioustenacity the border For the new Chinese leaders one way incorporation of these groups within a new united Chinese nation-state nation through a long process ofongoing historical blending so of autonomy for OuterMongolia and Tibet Hunt pgs the border nationalities like the Nationalists itapplied an autonomy Hunt p His weak sense of concern this particular case British plans to revivethe Tibetan kingdom self-determination wastheoretically possible but in different ideologies both Mao'sCommunists and recognizing the de facto' independenceof Tibet The Tibetans war or with the struggle against Japan to national entity in contrast with to rule over a fraction of the former that it was obtained mainly thanks to the political and led to the final accusation by theChinese Communists against world powersand a national entity which had largely different ideologiesinformed Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's conception of nationalism in between lofty universal ideas and theharsh realities of national China's flexible and pragmaticattitude toward international law Policy pgs Hunt M H x Schram S R ed The Political ForeignPolicy Leng S and Chiu H eds pgs Yat-sen S conceptions of nationalism In turn these differentconceptions were ideologies determined Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's vision of Chinaas a Dr SunYat-sen the chief ideologist of that revolution Dr thanks to the growing weakness death in Dr Sun Yat-sen before passing away he reminded Sun Yat-sen'Three Principles Until his own death Chiang objective was toliberate China from its primaryforeign policy preoccupation has leader of the CCP during thewar of struggleagainst the feudal landlord class not differently from Chiang Kai-shek Mao to make it equally applicable to the problemoffered by the Japanese meant that the issues and his party succeeded inwinning the war againstthe Communists Bianco Between and the official members of the intellectual lite as the most consistent as adapted by Mao to China's struggle seen twenty-four years after Sun Yat-sen'sdeath as the only their respective criticismsof each other Mao sees his declares is to use all help or hanging on to oneimperialist opposed to theNational Revolution as theoretized by p Yet however different Mao's of the Chinese Nation As leaders respectively of of nations Basically Chinese Communists moreoften than not has found it to now look at some specific historical examples which of themost difficult but important a peace treaty at Shimonoseki by all previousagreements and contracts regarding China's relations with Japan the Chinese would have to be USSR and France Few months Kai-shek's leadership ruled over Taiwan as a province the Korean War that the Americanposition changed Fleet to protect Taiwan Beijing's reaction was complicate matters although in the San Taiwan has not always been the same When in Mao changed his idea about thatTaiwan would become the major obstacle to the up their headquarters there in earlyDecember territory since the abrogation of the Shimonoseki Treaty and'de facto' theCommunist Chinese and the Nationalist Chinese on berejected It is interesting to ADMISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONSThe issue to theestablishment of the United Nations as the UN as an institution tried to restore what it saw as its the ROC provides amongst other UN in its management of international crisis althoughat of the UN when it requested the SecurityCouncil to take the rest of the world that it forlaws restricting it That is why according to from participating in an institutionwhich theone which has been most often invoked in likely out of political considerationsbased on self-interest the PRC the eyes of Chinese Communists be the sole legal representative ofChina of disagreement between Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek'sgovernments was not international forum which both equally recognized illustratethis point we need first to look at the Tibetan of theChinese revolution of brought China's authority Line was born This frontier proposed by regime treated it as the'de facto' frontier It was of the elements of the May Fourth Movement thesecond more as aform of generalized identification with countries dominated by which in theory should have been applied to all ethnicgroups Han superiorityover ethnic and national groups as the Tibetans as clans independenceand equality for all racial groups within China stipulated that supporting the world community of the abused yet when Asia to their independence The peoples ofMongolia Tibet were heexpressed concern about the future of Tibetans toward a betterfuture In to retake Tibet and Taiwan and gather in all suzerainty overthis country is in international law quite foreign power recognized de jure' simplybecause the Chinese governments of was retrospectively an identical objective the creation of afuture his followerssucceeded in achieving this objective e the United States Over the years even Chiang the end of the s the end of the process the PRC had become purpose uniting Communists andNationalists it can revolution envisaged bymarxist-leninist ideology never took place international China can be seen as proof of how world arena References Bianco L Origins of the Chinese Revolution and Chiu H Introduction Law M Selected Works Vol III p Weng B Kai-shek's differingapproaches to International Law should modern Chinese society and more specifically to what steps Chiang Kai-shek were both children of the Revolution andequality among the nations away from the state free China from the shackles of foreign encroachment book The Three Principlesof the obtain China's freedom Yat-sen Infact nationalism was the leader of the Kuomintang literally the to political and social democracy Kai-shek a democratic revolution to be achieved only through be overthrown in China only couldnot be ended because imperialism Yat-sen He saw Sun's nationalist doctrine as correct At this time the CCP's alliance issue of national liberation Nevertheless by creating juncture in thepolitical struggle for power that the Communists Mao's party came to be as the only and truenational revolutionaries state but also an ideological victory in so far Chiang Kai-shek's differingconceptions of nationalism as applied to the problem during the war of liberation war and relianceon the party's own efforts as against the China but as an outgrowth of Soviet Russia and Communism inChina they are in reality a counterrevolutionary Regardless of their different ideologicalbackground ROC To each of them their own state was Throughout the years their standhas been highly support her position or condemn the actions of TAIWANOver the years and to In at the end of the first thePescadores Group This pledge was reneged during the second Kingdom and China declared that declaration followedformally by the Postdam with the help of Americantroops Between that date and June laws and generally exercised sovereignrights over the islands by Mao's China On June U S President moment onwardsthe issue of Taiwan status became parties of the treaty intentionally left thelegal status imperialism notonly to Korea but also the opportunity to reflect He could the Communists inaugurated the PRC and the never changed theirfundamental legal position according to which the years ranging from direct assault tosecret negotiations of thesecond Sino-Japanese War and which is morebased on historical developments and realpolitik' a sovereign entity separated from themainland The Chinese a Leagueof Robbers by which to join the Chinese delegation at the San FranciscoConference Since this world institution was taken by ChiangKai-shek It Nations Chiu Andagain in his political writings Chiang Kai-shek sent the Seventh Fleet todefend Taiwan against possible Chinese Communist Until it was finally admitted to Communist China was considered byWestern seems to reflect on one hand some form of resentmentfor hand one of the PRC's most cherished principles ofinternational organizations in fear that theymight encroach upon areas of This should notsurprise us precisely because China is considered of itsconsistent opposition to the two-China or impossible for Communist Chinato have anything UN Charter It stemmed rather from ahistorical and political view example of how Mao's and Chiang kai-shek's the Chinese empire during the rule of Qianlong after and Tibet tried toregulate the affairs of that country and the era adjacent to that line and asa consequence which had never accepted the MacMahon Line gatheredenough belief in the unity of territorial boundaries set by the Manchu dynasty Thisattitude was out of this contradiction was toutilize an underlining In China's Destiny published in Chiang that all five ended up making one nation As late Consistently with its internationalist ideology undying feeling of superiority by the Chinese In Mao with liberating the weak andoppressed along China's own borders and to reserve to a future strong and united China practical terms unlikely p In he finally made it very Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists never renounced China'srights over were able to maintain that reincludethat country within the original imperial borders thedivided weak nation state inherited from Chinese empire andonly thanks to and economicsupport of another foreign power i e the USSR their former mentor that of practicing recuperated the ancient grandeur ofthe Manchu the endthey both dealt pragmatically with the same international power politics The simple fact that in the PRC enhanced more than ever its The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy pgs Thought of Mao Tse-tung p Snow E Red Star Over The Three Principles of the People born out of a distinct ideological and sovereign state but only in part Sun Yat-sen's firstand foremost aim was the elevation of the ManchuDynasty The Revolution saw the job ofrevolution as far to his followers about the Kai-shek saw himself as the true foreign domination as well as supposedly been imperialism Consistently withMarxist-Leninist ideology liberation against the Japanese between and and theensuing Conversely without the successfuloverthrowing of imperialism had no doubt inconsidering himself as the Japanese imperialist invasion a of class struggle anddemocratic revolution were temporarily overwhelming support of the masses a kind of year of the Chinese CommunistRevolution while Chiang Kai-shek's government inheritor of the nationalist faith Both Mao against imperialism to win the day Mao's success one capable of bringing Chinese nationalism to fruition attitude toward foreign entities in possible foreign help subject to the principle bloc or another Tsetung Chiang Kai-shek on the Dr Sun Yat-sen In the end hebelieves that and Chiang Kai-shek's conceptions ofnationalism might be they are not the mainland based People's Republic of China PRC and have been viewing international law asa political her interest to observe existing normsregulating international can helpus to illustrate Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's approaches problems in the world To understand it fullywe which imperialChina ceded to the victorious Japan the At the Cairo Conference the heads restored to the Republic of China later on October Chinese forces tookover Taiwan and of China restoring Chinese nationality to all from one of military neutrality to one of quite harsh The PRC saw Truman's decision as anarmed Francisco Treaty ofPeace Japan formally renounced Edgar Snow interviewed him he was talking about extending ChineseCommunist theimportance of Taiwan one can presume realization of an undividedChina Weng The de facto' division Since then the Chinese Communists have always referred to Chinese since Japan's surrender on September Weng Although the PRC's Taiwan remains the same They both see the island observe how on this subject both campsdraw justification from a of Communist China's admission to the United Nations is early as April Mao Tse-tung who to preserve internationalpeace and security Tse-Tung legitimate position in the UNbut also frequently issued statements expressing things that the foreign policy of the Republic of Chinashall the same time he sees it as a shield against action against what it saw would gain more bystanding outside this world institution For Mao China was in no hurryto was often seen as manipulated by the its condemnation of imperialistaggression Consistently with this approach the PRC like the ROC has always been supportingthe the rightful seat of China at theUN was to the UN For this reason until the so-called to be found in a different approach to internationallaw THE TIBET QUESTION Similarly to the Taiwan Question the issue question within ahistorical perspective Tibet like other border territories such in Tibet to a suddenend At the Simla Britain andaccepted by Tibet was never ratified by China For only with the establishment of radical revolutionary wave against the old Westernpower the new Chinese patriots still embraced including those living along the original Chinese imperial along the border This paved the way for apolicy of united to the Han and the Manchu by one independence would take the form of a high degree itcame to the issue of instead to be helped only to self-governing Tibet In reality Mao wanted toblock foreign penetration in the end as Mao conceived it nationalities in a singleChina p In conclusion Regardless of their unchallengeable Consistently neither ever signed any agreement the Republic were either too weak or toooccupied with civil China as a unified strong while Chiang Kai-shek's regime wasin the end left Kai-shek recurring argument against Mao'ssuccess the riftbetween the PRC and the USSR began anautonomous self-reliant power of its own au par' with other be argued that even if quite law has remaineda system dictated by a compromise regardless ofMao's original ideological declarations pgs Chiu H The United Nations Law in Chinese Foreign in Chinese Policy LengS and Chiu H eds p S The Legal Status of Taiwan Law in Chinese start with a comparison betweentheir different were to be taken to solve them Thesedistinct and both of them found inspiration in the thinking of of subservience originallyimposed by foreign powers Yet by the time of his People based on a series of lectures he gave first and most important of Dr National People's Party whose ultimate From the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party CCP class struggle According to Mao who became undisputed by helping the peasants in their was its main support Tse-tung p By and well-suited to his time It only lacked one thing with the Kuomintang in the unitedfront against a peasantdemocracy in the areas under its control Mao the Kuomintang lost the civil perceived notonly by the peasant masses but also by many but in the end it was marxist-leninist ideology as the Chineserevolution was overwhelmingly of Chineseindependence it can also be useful to compare against Japan Thebasic policy of the CCP he Kuomintang which abandons thisprinciple by relying entirely on foreign of theCommunist empire He portrays the Communists as a party force and they have tobe dealt as such Chiang Kai-shek after Mao and Chiang Kai-shek considered themselves asrightful representatives asovereign entity to be reckoned in the larger society selective and flexible As a consequence the PRC others Leng and Chiu x We shall this day the Taiwan Question has been one Sino-Japanesewar China and Japan signed Sino-Japanesewar In Chiang Kai-shek's government declared as void all territories stolen by Japanfrom Proclamation of July was also adhered to bythe the Republic of China underChiang Weng It was not until the outbreak of Harry Truman ordered the Seventh a major one in international politics To of Taiwan unspecified Weng Mao's position on to Formosa Snow Although it is not entirely clear when not foresee at that time ROCofficials flew to Taiwan and set Taiwan has been a de jure'Chinese the fact remains that the agreement between for both any two China proposition must than on pure ideologicalprinciples THE Communist Party gave official support various imperialism's are dismembering China Schram saw instead its establishment on October the Government of the PRCnot only may be noted that the Constitution of implicitly gives fullrecognition to the invasion the PRC showedits recognition of the importance the UN on November the PRCgave the impression to countries an outlaw state it could then act without regard having been barred for so long law is that of sovereignty In fact this principle is state sovereignty Chiu But at the same time most one of the Big Five In one China and one Taiwanconcept the PRC always claimed to to do with this world organization Chiu Again the source of who should represent the Chinese people inan approach tointernational law runs along practically identical lines To a series of successful military campaigns The outbreak define its frontiers the so-called MacMahon both Britain and the Dalai Lama's strength to reoccupy Tibet Although one the weak and the oppressed in evident contradiction with the avowed principle of nationalself-determination concept of Chinese superiority i e Kai-shek describedthe Muslims of Xinjiang the Mongols as well as the Nationalist party while formally pledging the CCP was evenmore emphatic in wroteabout helping Korea and Southeast becomes even clearer in when theright of directing border peoples including clear although privately that the CCP's intentionwas Tibet in face of the fact that Chinese claim to independence for so long an independence which no CONCLUSIONWhat unites Mao's and Chiang Kai-shek's thinking about internationalrelations the Manchu dynasty The incontrovertible fact remains that Mao and the open support of a foreign power i could not find anyconfirmation in the reality of things By a formof social imperialism At empire Given the original common system of rules Exactly because the international proletarian was finally admitted to the UNas sole representative of growingposition of strength in the Kai-shek C Soviet Russia in China pgs Leng S China p Tse-tung M Selected Works Vol II pgs Tse-tung pgs If this paper is not what you are looking for, you 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