GENDER & ALCOHOL USE PATTERNS.   Term Paper ID:28385 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Risk, inheritance & environmental factors. Effect of belief system. Differences between women & men re: alcohol addiction/abuse. Abstract.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Risk, inheritance & environmental factors. Effect of belief system. Differences between women & men re: alcohol addiction/abuse. Abstract. Paper Introduction: GENDER AND ALCOHOL USE PATTERNS Abstract The purpose of this research paper was to investigate gender and alcohol use patterns. Studies regarding risk of dependence for men and women are consistent; the risk of alcoholism is reported to be greater for male offspring of alcoholic parents and environmental factors are more associated with females. Findings regarding expectancies are less consistent; some studies report that women and men have different beliefs that effect drinking behavior, others state that these differences are disappearing with the increase of drinking in women. Differences in gender effects of alcohol remain unclear; some report that women tend to be more susceptible to adverse effects. Research regarding depression is even less clear, depression is linked to Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Females over age 2 reported lowerexpectancies than all other subjects of both sexes (p. Gender differences in moderate drinking effects. Genetic differences inalcohol sensitivity and the inheritance of alcoholism risk. Schuckit, Daeppen, Tipp, Hesselbrock, and Bucholt(1998) studied the clinical course of problems associated with alcoholabuse and found no differences between males and females (p. Fortheir study, the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire was given to 627 collegestudents who referred to themselves as heavy drinkers. (1997). (1989). In addition, the research showed that heavier alcoholconsumption led to more depression for both. Etiological & Inheritance Risk Jang, Livesley, and Vernon (1997) reported that consistent in theliterature is the finding that there are differences in risk of dependencefor men and women. Mumenthaler, M. However, the timing of effectwas different for each. A., Bucholz, K. Jang, K. Glenn, S. Schuckit, M. Treatment Miller and Cervantes (1997) studied a sample of 233 problem drinkersbeing treated at a clinic. Around half of thesubjects had a family history of alcoholism. S., Taylor, J. (1997). Lundahl, L. 211). L. Differences in gendereffects of alcohol remain unclear; some report that women tend to be moresusceptible to adverse effects. Miller, W. (1997). Expectancies Alcohol expectancies may be affected by gender as well as age andfamily history. Background factors such as gender have beeninvestigated with regard to relapse. M., & Harris, E. E. H. Genderroles are used to explain this possibility; women's exposure to alcohol anddrinking opportunities are growing as the cultural taboos against femaledrinking are decreasing. R. Gender differencesin drinking and alcohol expectancies as modified by gender stereotypes andliving arrangements. Minugh, Rice, and Young (1998) studied a sample of 41,1 4 subjects toexplore health beliefs and behaviors and alcohol consumption in men andwomen. Findings regarding expectancies are lessconsistent; some studies report that women and men have different beliefsthat effect drinking behavior, others state that these differences aredisappearing with the increase of drinking in women. J., Dunne, M.P., Whitfield, J. Schutte, K. American Journal Epidemiology, 146(11), 966-74. B., Tipp, J. Effects ofalcohol abuse and familial alcoholism on physical health in men and women.Health Psychology, 8(3), 325-41. Womenreported more spouses with alcohol problems and more adverse emotionaleffects of drinking. A., Daeppen, J. Lundahl, Davis, Adesso, and Lukas (1997) studied apopulation of college students to investigate alcohol expectancies. W., Statham, D. Studies regarding risk of dependence for men andwomen are consistent; the risk of alcoholism is reported to be greater formale offspring of alcoholic parents and environmental factors are moreassociated with females. 8). (1996b). Gender differences in the relationbetween depressive symptoms and alcohol problems: a longitudinalperspective. Others argue that these changes are not occurringand that norms regarding male drinking are becoming more permissive aswell. A., & Stevens, L. Heath, A. Journal Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 263-77. Drinking patterns and intoxication levels weresimilar for both. J., & Vernon, P. A.(1999). Journal Substance Abuse, 8(2), 211-25. Women have more body fat and less water, proportionally, than men ofthe same body weight. Crum, R. The use of twins allows for the estimate of proportion of variancein a behavior that is due to genetics or heritability and that which is dueto environmental factors. Men reported more lifetime alcohol problems and weremore accepting of alcoholism as a disease for a treatment model (p. 1265). Addiction, 95(1), 95-1 7. H.,Slutske, W. JournalStudy Alcohol, 59(5), 581-9 . In the most severelyeffected group, those with 2 or more symptoms of abuse or dependence, thelikelihood of ever having received treatment did not differ for men andwomen (p. Addictive Behavior, 22(1), 115-25. This study pointed to the importance of considering livingarrangements with regard to gender differences; the current study resultsshowed that women living independently drank less than men, and no genderdifferences were found for those living in residential environments or athome (p. Findings showed that men wereat an increased genetic risk of alcohol dependence with a reduced alcoholsensitivity, and women were not associated with the same degree of risk (p.1 69). (1997). 55). They report that women have been drinking largeramounts with more frequency, particularly with the student population, andthat some believe gender differences are disappearing (called theConvergence hypothesis or the Disappearing Phenomenon Thesis). G. The risk of alcoholism is found to be greater for maleoffspring of alcoholic parents. Addiction, 92(1 ), 1265-1276. R., & Cervantes., E. L., Livesley, W. Risk of alcoholism andparental history: Gender differences and a possible reporting bias.Genetic Epidemiology, 13(4), 329-41. 581). Depressive symptoms predictedalcohol problems over a 3 and 4 year period for females, but not for 7years; these findings did not apply to males (p. K. S., Bierut, L. Gender-specific etiological differences in alcohol and drug problems: Abehavioral genetic analysis. Alcohol expectancies: Effects of gender, age, and family history ofalcoholism. Ricciardelli, L. Alternatively, Mumenthaler, Taylor, O'Hara, and Yesavage (1999)report that fewer women are considered heavy drinkers than men and womenare more effected than men regarding short- and long-term consequences.Women become more impaired than men do when drinking similar amounts ofalcohol and they suffer more health effects such as alcoholic liverdisease. GENDER AND ALCOHOL USE PATTERNS Abstract The purpose of this research paper was to investigate gender andalcohol use patterns. Depressive Symptoms Studies regarding depression and alcohol abuse with regard to genderreveal inconsistent findings. J., & Lukas, S. Glenn, Parsons, and Stevens (1989) also studied alcoholic men (76)and women (72) and nonalcoholic controls (5 men; 51 women), to assessphysical health problems related to alcohol abuse. Findings showedthat both male and female subjects, younger than 2 years of age, reportedgreater expectancies regarding positive effects, sexual enhancement,increased power, aggression, and social assertion, than those over age 2 ,for both males and females. In 1996, Crum and Harris examined data from a population-based studyin which 384 had alcohol abuse or dependence. (1998). Gender differences in the probability ofalcohol treatment. Research regarding depression is even lessclear, depression is linked to both women and men. A. 65-7 ). Gender and patterns ofalcohol problems: pretreatment responses of women and men to thecomprehensive drinker profile. Median interval from disorder onset to treatment was 2 to 3years longer for men; men tended to seek treatment well after onset.Within the first 8 years after onset, both men and women were similarregarding likelihood to initiate treatment; men were 13% to 2 % more apt toinitiate treatment from 8 to 25 years after onset. Findings show that self-efficacy is apredictor of treatment outcome. C., Madden, P. Moderate consumption of alcohol impairs cognition and psychomotorperformance; complex cognitive and psychomotor performance tasks are moresensitive to alcohol than simpler tasks. S., Russell, M., Zielezny, M., Bromet, E., Egri, G.,Mudar, P., & Marshall, J. Reciprocal effects between alcohol problems anddepression were found for men only (p. (1997). E., Hesselbrock, M., &Bucholz, K. However, the prevalence of chronic problems is lower for women,which may be due to the lower number of heavy drinkers (2% American womencompared to 9% American men). PsychologyMed, 29(5), 1 69-81. 1265-1266). (1998). 1265). 65-69). American Journal ofDrug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(3), 483-497. 329). The clinical course of alcohol-related problems inalcohol dependent and nonalcohol dependent drinking women and men. Minugh, P. (2 ). Moderate drinking effects on both men andwomen include disturbances of "sensory information processing, short-termmemory, reaction time, and eye-hand coordination (p. Although some studies have speculated that hormonalfluctuations may influence alcohol effects in women, more evidence isneeded (Mumenthaler et al., pp. Moscato, Russell, Zielezny, Bromet, Egri,Mudar, and Marshall (1997) report results of their study with householdadults aged 19 years or more (n = 1,3 6). (1999). The study sample consisted of 693 volunteer twin pairs from thegeneral population (2 9 monozygotic female, 138 monozygotic male, 17 dizygotic female, 82 dizygotic male, and 94 dizygotic opposite-sex twinpairs). K., Hearst, J., & Moos, R. Heath, Madden, Bucholz, Dinwiddie, Slutske, Bierut, Rohrbaugh,Statham, Dunne, Whitfield, and Martin (1999) further studied alcoholsensitivity and inheritance of risk with telephone interview follow-up datawith twins from two studies (alcohol challenge study in 1979-1981;Australian twin panel survey in 198 -1982). 263). V. References Allson, S., Saunders, B., & Phillips, M. It is suggested that compound effects of depression be studied withregard to cognitive functioning (pp. B., & Martin, N. L., O'Hara, R., & Yesavage, J. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 43(1), 8-14. 966). Other studies have shown that dependenceis a factor in relapse and a life history of dependence, with beliefs aboutloss of control, is a predictor in treatment outcomes for men; higherlevels of alcohol dependence are associated with increased relapse risk.Additionally it has been shown that cognitive dysfunction is a predictor ofpoor outcome, however it appears to be more predictive of poor outcome forwomen. A., Rice, C., & Young, L. 483). Psychomotor performancedoes not appear to be affected by gender (Mumenthaler et al., pp. Research has shown that high relapse rates are the norm for treatmentof alcohol dependence. 392). Both eliminate equal total amounts of alcohol perunit body weight per hour, however, women eliminate more per unit of leanbody mass per hour. The process ofrelapse in severely dependent male problem drinkers. Gender, healthbeliefs, health behaviors, and alcohol consumption. M., Adesso, V. The authors substantiated these findingsand further reported results of their study, that additive genetic effectswere found in males and most substance use problems were determined byenvironmental factors in women (p. K., Dinwiddie, S. 325). Treatment studies showthat men tend to demonstrate more lifelong problems and tend to seekimmediate treatment less than women. (1996). Greateralcohol and illicit drug use is reported for males (Jang, Livesley, &Vernon, 1997, p. Genderdifferences in the relations between depressive symptoms and drinkingbehavior among problem drinkers: A three-wave study. Higher blood alcohol concentrations may reflect lowermetabolism rates, however other studies have shown similar metabolismbetween men and women. Women appear to be moresusceptible to effects on cognitive functions. H., Davis, T. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 392-4 5.----------------------- 9 115). The authors stated that prior research has suggested a strongerassociation for women. Moscato, B. The authors further state that inconsistentfindings in the literature are based on studies that lack clear definitionof alcohol problems, use a broad index of substance use, or small samplesizes (Jang et al., pp. Alcohol Research& health, 23(1), 55-7 . Schutte, Hearst,and Moos (1997) also studied depression and drinking behavior for men andwomen. Results of their study revealed that greaterdepression was associated with less alcohol consumption one year later forboth sexes. W., Parsons, O. Findings showed that men reported more alcoholconsumption than women did. The authors concluded that health beliefs or expectancies effecteddrinking behaviors, and differences existed between perceived risks for menand women (p. Less consistent are findings regarding gendereffects of alcohol. Effects Consistent in the literature is the finding that there aredifferences in rates of consumption and abuse, for men and women. (1997). Included in the discussion will begender specific differences with regard to the following: etiological andinheritance risk; expectancies; effects; depressive symptoms; andtreatment. A., & Williams, R. Dawson (1996) studied data from 7.359 adults 18 years or over with adiagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence some time during their lives.They found that only 23% of the men and 15.1% of the women ever receivedtreatment. Men began drinking at earlier ages, drank more beer andless wine, and drank away from home and drove after drinking. Dawson, D. Alcohol is dispersed in body water and therefore,women have higher blood alcohol concentrations than men when drinkingequivalent amounts, even considering body weight; gender differencesdisappear when equivalent doses are administered that are based on totalbody water. 95-99). Introduction This research paper will address differing aspects of alcoholaddiction/abuse for men and women. They reported that evidenceshowed gender differences regarding risk of alcoholic offspring, related toparental history of heavy drinking and depression (p. Ricciardelli and Williams (1997) further studied students anddrinking expectancies. J., Rohrbaugh, J. Results showed thatalcoholics have pervasive physical health problems and women appear to bemore illness prone than men and show increased vulnerability to negativeeffects of alcoholism (p. J. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.