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Essay Subject: Description of morphine, aspirin, Atarax, Amoxicillin & others; their mode of action; use, attributes & effectiveness as treatments for various conditions ranging from pain to anxiety to high blood pressure, edema, infections & others.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Description of morphine, aspirin, Atarax, Amoxicillin & others; their mode of action; use, attributes & effectiveness as treatments for various conditions ranging from pain to anxiety to high blood pressure, edema, infections & others. Paper Introduction: MORPHINE Morphine is given for the relief of moderate to severe pain. It can be given in tablet form, or injection, or intravenous infusion, depending on the severity of pain and the duration of administration necessary. Morphine provides analgesia and sedation. The precise method of analgesic action of morphine is unknown, but central nervous system opiate receptors have been found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and are likely to play a role in the analgesic effects of morphine. Once absorbed, morphine is distributed to skeletal muscle, kidney, liver intestinal tract, lungs, spleen, and brain. Virtually all of the dose is converted to glucuronide metabolites. Approximately 50 percent of the dose which will reach the Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. It should be used with caution inpatients with stomach, kidney, or bleeding disorders. All thesegastrointestinal effects can lead to constipation. The use of tetracyclines during tooth development --the last half of pregnancy, infancy, and childhood until age 8 -- may causepermanent discoloration of the teeth to a yellow-gray brown. The mean plasma half life of acyclovir is from 2.5 to 3.5 hours,and the only urinary metabolite detected is 9-(carboxymethoxy)guanine.There is no difference between the metabolism of acyclovir in children andadults. The antibodiesneutralize the free form of the powerful endotoxin produced by thebacterium. Lasix may also be usedin adults to treat hypertension, either alone or in conjunction with othermedications. It should be used in pregnancy only if the benefitsoutweigh the risks. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinaltract, and its clinical effects are usually evident within 15 to 3 minutesof oral administration. It should not be administered to hyperbilirubinemic neonates, buthas been found to be safe in infants, children, and the elderly. Absorption of Lopressor is rapid and complete. It canbe given in tablet form, or injection, or intravenous infusion, dependingon the severity of pain and the duration of administration necessary.Morphine provides analgesia and sedation. Lasix is passed tonursing babies in the mothers milk, so care must be observed whenprescribing Lasix for nursing mothers. Lasix inhibits the absorption of sodium and chloride in the proximaland distal tubules of the kidney and in the loop of Henle, and is uniquelyeffective because of the specific location of its action. It is also useful in thetreatment of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as chronic urticariaand atopic and contact dermatoses, and in histamine-mediated pruritus. Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and are thought to exerttheir effects by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Overdosage with Lomotilmay result in severe respiratory depression and coma, possibly leading topermanent brain damage or death. In the cardiovascularsystem, morphine produces vasodilation, which may result in orthostatichypotension. Morphine should not be taken with other central nervous systemdepressants because of synergistic reactions. Its bacterial activityresults from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. At rest,Lopressor reduces heart rate and cardiac output, and reduces reflexorthostatic tachycardia, and during exercise reduces systolic bloodpressure. It causes primary skeletal musclerelaxation, bronchodilation, antihistaminic and analgesic effects, and hasantiemetic effects. They may experience postural hypotension whengetting up. Once absorbed, morphine is distributed to skeletalmuscle, kidney, liver intestinal tract, lungs, spleen, and brain.Virtually all of the dose is converted to glucuronide metabolites.Approximately 5 percent of the dose which will reach the centralcompartment intact will do so within 3 minutes. Zithromax acts by binding tothe 5 S-ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms and interfering withmicrobial protein synthesis. It is also indicated in active cases of tetanus. Patients should be cautioned to take the drug eitherone hour before or two hours after meals: it should not be taken with food. The drug has a prolonged half life due to the extensiveuptake and subsequent release by the tissues. Patients who have a history of anaphylacticreactions to allergens may be more reactive to repeated doses and may beless responsive to epinephrine while taking Lopressor. Since Lomotil contains atropine, its use must be carefully monitoredand the dose strictly adhered to. Rocephin is contraindicated in patients with sensitivity to thecephalosporins or to penicillin or any other drugs, and should be givencautiously to these patients. During prolonged therapy with amoxicillin, frequent renal, hepatic,and hematopoietic tests should be carried out. When given orally, Zithromax is rapidly absorbed and widelydistributed throughout the body. It should not beprescribed for patients taking anticoagulants, or drugs for diabetes, gout,or arthritis, or tetracycline antibiotics unless under a doctor=ssupervision.WELLBUTRIN Wellbutrin is used for the treatment of major depression characterizedby a prominent and relatively persistent depressed or dysphoric mood whichinterferes with normal daily functioning almost every day for a period ofat least two weeks duration. Lopressor reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart byblocking catecholamine-induced increases in heart rate, the velocity andextent of myocardial contraction, and blood pressure. It can potentiate the actionof other central nervous system depressants, and so the dosage of othersuch medications being given should be reduced when Atarax is prescribed.Atarax may also potentiate the action of alcohol, so patients should beadvised not to drink alcohol while taking the drug.LOPRESSOR Lopressor is a bet-adrenergic receptor blocker used to control bloodpressure. Tetanus immunoglobulin must be given with caution in patients who haveshown previous adverse reactions to immunoglobulins. Caution should also be observed whenthe patient is taking other potentially nephrotoxic medications, asacyclovir may increase the risk of kidney damage. It can be used as a sedative forpremedication and following general anesthesia. The drug should only be used by pregnant women or nursing mothers ifabsolutely necessary, and should not be administered to children under 16years of age. Elimination is mainlyby biotransformation in the liver, and its plasma half life is three toseven hours. It should only be givento pregnant women if absolutely essential.ZITHROMAX Zithromax is indicated in the treatment of individuals 16 years of ageor older with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains ofmicroorganisms in the following situations: acute bacterial exacerbationsof chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to Haemophilus influenzae,Moraxella catarrhalis or Streptococcus pneumoniae; streptococcalpharyngitis/tonsillitis, as an alternative to first line therapy forinfections due to Streptococcus pyogenes in individuals who cannot usefirst line therapy; uncommon skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pyogenes, or Streptococcus agalactiae; and non-gonnococcalurethritis and cervicitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. If severe dehydration is present, it should be withheld untilappropriate reconstitution has been administered. The only contraindication to acyclovir is an intolerance to themedication or its components. The main biotransformation product of Lasixis furosemide glucuronide. Superinfections withmycotic or bacterial pathogens may also occur during therapy withamoxicillin, and if they do, amoxicillin therapy should be stopped and thesuperinfections treated.TETANUS IMMUNOGOLBULIN Tetanus immunoglobulin is indicated for prophylaxis against tetanusfollowing injury in patients whose immunization is incomplete or uncertain. Its half life is just over6 minutes. Potentially fatal anaphylacticreactions can occur with any penicillin therapy and a careful history ofthe patient should be taken prior to prescribing them. The average half life of thesecond phase is from 8 to 24 hours, with an average of 14 hours. Aspirin and its metabolites areexcreted through the kidneys. Immediate medical attention, including epinephrine administration, isessential if a hypersensitivity reaction occurs. Atarax may suppress activity in certain key regions of the subcorticalarea of the central nervous system. It acts mainly on beta receptors in heart muscle, but at higherdoses blocks receptors in the bronchial and vascular musculature. It becomes highly concentrated in tissuesand within cells. Patients receiving Lasix need to beadvised that they may experience excessive fluid and/or electrolyte losswhen taking the drug. They may alsocause enamel hypoplasia, and so should not be used in children under 8unless other drugs are ineffective. Some patients may experience skin hypersensitivity tosunlight while taking Lasix, and patients with diabetes should be advisedthat Lasix may increase blood sugar levels. Because of the severe effects of overdosage with Lomotil,parents must be urged to administer the drug with extreme care in children,and be warned of the seriousness of the effects of an overdose.ACYCLOVIR Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of initial orrecurrent episodes of genital herpes, and the treatment of acute herpeszoster (shingles) and varicella (chickenpox). Since Lopressorproduces its effects at any level of activity, it is useful for long-termtreatment. Several of theknown metabolites of Wellbutrin are metabolically active. Treatment with antimicrobials changes thenormal flora of the colon and may result in colitis caused by Clostridiumdifficile. Patients on Lasix should take potassium supplements to avoidhypokalemia. It should not be used by children or teenagers because of thedanger of developing Reye=s syndrome. Lasix is extensively bound to plasmaproteins after administration. Tasks requiring alertness should beavoided until a patient=s response to Lopressor is determined.Catecholamine-depleting drugs may have an additive effect when takentogether with Lopressor. It is rapidly absorbed and diffuses readilyinto most body tissues and fluids, with the exception of the brain andspinal fluid, unless the meninges are inflamed. It depresses the cough reflex bydirect action on the medulla.Morphine causes miosis, even in total darkness. In patients withsevere thrombcytopenia or any coagulation disorder that wouldcontraindicate intramuscular injections, the tetanus immunoglobulin shouldonly be given if the benefits outweigh the risks. In theblood, only about 2 percent of the dose is plasma-bound. Amoxicillin is stable in the presence of gastric acid and so may betaken with or without food. Aspirin should not be used in the last three months of pregnancybecause it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications duringdelivery. They should also be told to consult a doctor beforetaking any over-the-counter medications while taking Wellbutrin.ATARAX Atarax is prescribed for symptomatic relief of anxiety and tensionassociated with psychoneuroses and as an adjunct in organic disease statesin which anxiety is manifested. Peak bloodlevels of immunoglobulin are reached approximately two days afteradministration, and it has a half life in the circulation of patients withnormal immunoglobulins of about 23 days. Most of the drug is excreted in the urine unchanged, and theremainder is secreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces.Rocephin is reversibly bound to plasma proteins. It is a weaker blocker of serotonin uptake andnorepinephrine than tricyclic antidepressants, and inhibits the reuptake ofdopamine to some extent. Since morphine may be excreted in milk, it should not betaken by nursing mothers.ASPIRIN Aspirin is prescribed for a number of conditions: relief of chronicpain or inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupuserythematosus, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter=ssyndrome; for antiplatelet activity in patients with unstable anginapectoris, or to prevent myocardial infarction; and to reduce the risk oftransient ischemic attacks or strokes. There are no specific requirements for prescription ofZithromax for geriatric patients.ROCEPHIN Rocephin is a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used for thetreatment of gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobicmicroorganisms. Patients need to be told to take Lopressor regularly and continuouslyas directed with, or immediately after, meals. It concentrates in phagocytes andfibroblasts. They are activeagainst a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.Tetracyclines are all very similar and cross-resistance among them iscommon. Atarax should not be given to pregnant women or nursing mothers as itsactions are not clearly known in these cases. Digestion of food in the small intestine isdelayed, and propulsive contractions are reduced. Acyclovir is preferentially taken up andselectively converted to the active triphosphate form by herpes virus-infected cells. Approximately five percent of a given dose is excreted in theurine unchanged, and the rest is excreted by the kidneys as inactivemetabolites. It is not recommended for children undertwo years of age. It must be kept out of the reach ofchildren. As with any CNS-depressant,patients should be advised not to operate complex machinery or drive whileon the medication. Amoxicillin actsthrough the inhibition of protein synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide.Because it can be destroyed by penicillinase, it is not effective againstpenicillinase-producing organisms. Morphine is alsoan addictive drug, and caution must be taken to avoid addiction when long-term treatment is necessary. Wellbutrin is contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders, orthose taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Amoxicillin is contraindicated in anyone who has a history of allergicreaction to any of the penicillin family. It shouldbe prescribed with caution in nursing mothers since it can be transferredin the milk, and since its effects in pregnancy are not well known, itshould only be given to pregnant mothers if absolutely necessary.LASIX Lasix is given to adults, children, and infants with edema caused bycongestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal disease. The safety andeffectiveness of Lopressor in children has not been established. Excretion is via the kidneys and is dependent on renalfunction. Renal calcifications have beenfound in some severely premature infants treated with Lasix.LOMOTIL Lomotil is effective in the treatment of diarrhea. Most ofthe drug is excreted in the urine, and some in the feces. It is used in the treatment of infections of the lowerrespiratory tract, the skin and skin sutures, urinary tract, bone andjoint, intra-abdominal infections, uncomplicated gonorrhea, pelvicinflammatory disease, bacterial septicemia, meningitis, and for surgicalprophylaxis. Lasix is contraindicated in patients with anuria and in those with akidney hypersensitivity to furosemide. Aspirin is mainly hydrolyzed to salicylicacid and distributed to all body tissues and fluids, including fetaltissues, breast milk, and the central nervous system. Inimmunocompromised patients, repeated use of acyclovir may lead to thedevelopment of unresponsive strains. Elimination of morphineis primarily by renal excretion of 3-morphine glucuronide. Lasix begins toact within one hour, its peak action is within the first or second hour,and its action lasts for sic to eight hours. Most Amoxicillin is excreted unchanged in the urine. Morphine should notbe taken by pregnant mothers because it may lead to fetal distress syndromein the newborn. They are concentrated in the bile by the liver andexcreted in the urine and feces in high concentrations and in abiologically active form. It is rapidly andextensively metabolized by ester hydrolysis to diphenoxylic acid, which isbiologically active and the major metabolite of Lomotil in the blood. The precise mode of action of Wellbutrin is unknown, but it does notinhibit monoamine oxidase. Tetracyclines are contraindicated in anyone who has shown asensitivity to them. The patient and family must be thoroughlyeducated on the possible side effects and warning signs of overdose oraddiction to avoid complications when using morphine. Mothers who are pregnantor nursing need to seek a doctor=s advice before taking acyclovir.TETRACYCLINE Tetracycline is indicated in infections caused by a number oforganisms including: Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, agents forpsittacosis and ornithosis, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli,Enterobacter aerogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Streptococcuspyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Nisseriagonorrhea, Treponema pallidium, Listeria monocytogenes, and many others. Peakplasma concentration is reached in about two hours. Tetracyclines are present in milk fromnursing mothers so this must be taken into consideration when prescribingthe drugs.AMOXICILLIN Amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of susceptible strains of:gram negative organisms Haemophilus Influenzae, Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas mirabilis, and Nisseria gonorrhea; and gram positive organismsStreptococci, D. Penicillinhypersensitivity reactions often occur in patients with multiple allergies. In plasma, 6 percent to 8 percent of the salicylic acid is bound to plasma protein.The plasma half life of aspirin is about 12 minutes, and of salicylic acidand salicylates, about three hours. Biotransformation of aspirin takes placeprimarily in the hepatocytes. Gastric, biliary, andpancreatic secretions are depressed by morphine, and there is a decrease ingastrointestinal motility. The drug should be used in pregnant women only if reallynecessary, and in nursing mothers with caution since it is excreted in themilk. Morphine produces respiratory depression by direct interaction withbrain stem respiratory centers, where it causes a decreased responsivenessto increased carbon dioxide levels. Lomotil should be accompanied by appropriate fluid and electrolytetherapy. The terminal half life ofLasix is approximately two hours. The only possible side effect is thatexposure to acyclovir can lead to the emergence of less sensitive strains.Because of this, patients using acyclovir should be advised to avoidpotential transmission of the virus if active lesions are present. Symptoms requiring Wellbutrin should includeat least four of the following: changes in appetite; changes in sleeppatterns; psychomotor agitation or retardation; loss of interest in usualactivities or loss of sexual drive; increased fatigue; slowed thinking orimpaired concentration; increased feelings of guilt and unworthiness; andsuicidal ideation or attempts. Zithromax is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to itor to erythromycin. It should not be used bynursing mothers, and its safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients andthe elderly has not been well established. MORPHINE Morphine is given for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Since morphine has severecentral nervous system depressant action, it is important that it is takenas prescribed and that the patient and family are educated as to the risksof taking the medication and its possible side effects. The bioavailability of aspirin depends on the dosage form, thepresence of food, gastric emptying time, gastric pH, and the presence ofantacids and buffering agents. Rocephin is completely absorbed following intramuscular injection andmean maximum plasma concentrations occur between two and three hourspostdosing. It should be used with caution in nursing mothersbecause atropine and the major metabolite, diphenoxylic acid, are known tobe excreted in the mother=s milk. A small percentage ofthe drug is excreted in the urine, and a major portion in the feces over afour-day period. pneumoniae, and nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci. Tetanus immunoglobulinconfers passive immunity on individuals who have no immunity to the toxinsproduced by the tetanus organism Clostridium tetani. It is a synthetic purinenucleoside analogue with activity against human herpes viruses, includingherpes simplex types HSV 1 and HSV 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barrvirus, and cytomegalovirus. It isalso used as adjunctive therapy in pulmonary edema. Human immunoglobulin is now used because some patients showedsensitivity to globulins produced in animals in the past. The precise method of analgesic action of morphine is unknown, butcentral nervous system opiate receptors have been found throughout thebrain and spinal cord, and are likely to play a role in the analgesiceffects of morphine. Lomotil is contraindicated in patients with sensitivityto diphenoxylate or atropine; obstructive jaundice; and diarrhea associatedwith pseuodmembranous enterocolitis or enterotoxin-producing bacteria. Missed doses should not becombined with subsequent doses, and the medication should not be stoppedwithout the advice of a doctor. Patients need to be educated to use the drug in three to four equaldaily doses to reduce the risk of seizures, and that use and cessation ofuse may increase the incidence of seizures. After oral administration, peak plasma levels are usually reached intwo hours, followed by a biphasic decline. Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and bound to plasma proteins invarying degrees. Patients with hypertensionshould be advised to avoid products which can raise the blood pressure,such as appetite suppressants and cold medications. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.