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Mohammed Ali Jinnah: The Father of Pakistan
Term Paper ID:27525
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Reviews the early political history of modern Pakistan. Emphasizes the role of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the father of Pakistan.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Reviews the early political history of modern Pakistan. Emphasizes the role of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the father of Pakistan.
Paper Introduction:
Pakistan came into being in 1947. The area was part of India until that time. It had been invaded by many Asian peoples through the centuries, with the Muslims arriving in waves from the early 1000s to the 1500s. The British took control over the whole subcontinent in the 1700s. The primarily Muslim areas of India gained independence in 1947 as Pakistan, which then was divided into two widely separated sections (the eastern section would become independent as Bangladesh in 1971). Fighting broke out almost immediately between Muslims and Hindus, and some 7 million Muslims fled from India to Pakistan, while about 6 million Hindus left Pakistan for India. Pakistan is an Islamic republic whose civilian government was ousted in 1977 by a military group, but civilian rule was returned in 1988 (Young students Learning Library, 1996).
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He was born in Karachi in 1876. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Jinnah had set his sights on the creationof Pakistan and would not be deterred, and Mountbatten portrayed Jinnah astoo singleminded to the point of being a lunatic and megalomaniac. He had promised to keep British troops inPunjab and then removed them. Jinnah still achieved his primary goal of an independent Pakistan,though it was a Pakistan with many problems that would have to be resolvedby others. Pakistan came into being in 1947. Jinnah achieved an independent Pakistan without achieving the unity ofMuslim and Hindu interests that he had earlier sought. Mountbatten was also influenced by his wifeEdwina, who was in love with Nehru, and this would have profoundconsequences against the vision Jinnah had for Pakistan (Akbar, 1996). Works CitedAkbar, Ahmed. The area was part of India untilthat time. He would be the firstleader of Pakistan when it was created in 1947, and Jinnah completelydominated Pakistan and inspired it beyond his own death in Karachi in 1948(Griffiths, 1996). He came to be known as Quaid-e-Azam, or "GreatLeader," and his word was law in the Muslim League. Jinnah can be seen as an unlikely hero, for Muslim heroes were eitherrulers or feudal lords, religious figures, or Sufi masters. His first important brush with politics was in 19 6when he acted as private secretary to the president of the Indian nationalCongress. Jinnah's vision of independence came true and infusedthe new country with a strength that would enable it to survive and tobuild a dedication to independent self-rule. They also considered himtoo dedicated to upholding the spirit of the law and too much a champion ofwomen's and minority rights. At the time, he had sufficient powerand the respect of his peers so that he was able to persuade colleagues "ofthe overriding national value of conceding a large enough quota of electedlegislative council seats to Muslims and to convince the League of the needto join forces with Congress to articulate a single set of national demands(Wolpert, 1984, 48). One of the forces preventing the shift to a modern secular society waseconomic, for the British Raj had left Pakistan and India with economieswith pre-twentieth-century frameworks. He disagreedprofoundly with the move of the Indian national Congress in 192 as itlaunched a non-cooperation movement against the British government. He tended toward a secular modern societyas his goal, but there were too many conflicts of interest and ideology inthe society for this to come to pass (Mansingh, 1991). Jinnah wasalso considered too Westernized by many Muslims. Pakistan hadenormous problems when it came into being--its territory was divided; itlacked the machinery, personnel, equipment, and habitude of centralgovernment; its economy was in a shambles; and refugees were flowing inboth directions. His achievement was to create the modernMuslim persona representing a modern Muslim nation and reflecting itsspirit. "Jinnah and the Quest for Muslim Identity." History Today (September 1, 1994).Akbar, Ahmed. It had been invaded by many Asian peoples through thecenturies, with the Muslims arriving in waves from the early 1 s to the15 s. Pakistan is an Islamic republic whose civiliangovernment was ousted in 1977 by a military group, but civilian rule wasreturned in 1988 (Young students Learning Library, 1996). Jinnah joined the Muslim League in 1913 to protest against theHindu majority, and became president of the group in 1916. Jinnah was countered by the British leader Lord Mountbatten, whoseimage of Jinnah would be accepted by much of the public in the West.Mountbatten was to try to preserve the unity of India and to hand overpower peacefully to the Indians. "Jinnah, Mohammed Ali." Colliers Encyclopedia (Vol 13, CD-ROM), 1996.Mansingh, Surjit. Jinnah of Pakistan. He left Pakistan with a vision of what leadership andgovernment should be in the modern world, and his influence remains strongtoday as political leaders vie to be the new Jinnah. Mohammed Ali Jinnah was an Indian Muslim leader and the first governor-general of Pakistan. During World War II, the League and Congress haddifferent attitudes toward the British government. Jinnahcontinued in public affairs into the 194 s, when he helped assure thatpartition would take place. While an infrastructure of industryhad been created, it was a process that had been inhibited by thecentralized governmental structure of the British (Mansingh, 1991). He was educated inKarachi and Bombay and studied law at Lincoln's Inn in England. He heralded the dawn of modern Muslim mass politics and ofpolitical images and symbols. Jinnah entered this fray and supported the League and theBritish when Gandhi launched a revolutionary movement for the British to"Quit India." This enabled the league to increase its political activityas the British arrested some 6 , people and outlawed Congress (Mansingh,1991). Jinnahwas thus cast as the villain by Britain, and Mountbatten's characterizationof Jinnah assured that the latter would fail to achieve Muslim aspirations.Interestingly, one way Mountbatten tried to counter the creation ofPakistan was by offering Jinnah the prime ministership of a united India.Finally, Mountbatten offered Jinnah a truncated and run-down Pakistan or noPakistan at all, and Jinnah took it. Mountbatten continued to cut down theidea of Pakistan at all levels. "The Hero in History." History Today (March 1, 1996).Griffiths, Percival. In the second decade of this century, Jinnah's vision was of a unifiedIndia independent of the British, with the Hindu and Muslim populationshaving been brought together in a way "involving brotherly service for thecommon cause" (Wolpert, 1984, 47-48). Congress resigned whennot consulted on the declaration of war with India and so lost leveragewith the British, while the League cooperated and gained the time necessaryto consolidate. Jinnah was the supreme authority, and he united in hisrole the ceremonial functions of head of state with the effective power ofchief executive and party boss. He became the embodiment ofMuslim pride (Akbar, 1996). Fightingbroke out almost immediately between Muslims and Hindus, and some 7 millionMuslims fled from India to Pakistan, while about 6 million Hindus leftPakistan for India. Pakistan (January 1, 1991).Young Students Learning Library, Pakistan (January 1, 1996).Wolpert, Stanley. He wasadmitted to the bar in 1896. To this day, Jinnah's prestige is such thatall political parties in Pakistan try to appropriate him as their own(Akbar, 1994). Jinnah as a leader and speaker, however, waselectrifying and generated mass adulation. Jinnah served briefly as a magistrate inBombay and then practiced law, showing a remarkable gift for advocacy andrhetorical ability. The British took control over the whole subcontinent in the 17 s.The primarily Muslim areas of India gained independence in 1947 asPakistan, which then was divided into two widely separated sections (theeastern section would become independent as Bangladesh in 1971).
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