INTERMITTENT INCARCERATION.   Term Paper ID:25885 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Origins, goals & effectiveness of alternatives to full-time incarceration. Public support, costs, types (weekend or night jail-time, halfway houses), eligibility, impact on recidivism.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Origins, goals & effectiveness of alternatives to full-time incarceration. Public support, costs, types (weekend or night jail-time, halfway houses), eligibility, impact on recidivism. Paper Introduction: INTERMITTENT INCARCERATION This research paper examines the origins and reasons for the use of intermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on probation in the United States and elsewhere, how and when it is used, the results gained from experience with it, other pros and cons and prospects for its future use. Origins and Rationale for the Use of Intermittent Incarceration Morris & Tonry (1990) define intermittent incarceration as "a method of allowing the offender to serve an incarcerative sentence without having to disrupt his employment and family ties as does a longer single period of jail or prison" (p. 218). They say it is employed "for incapacitative purposes and training for conformity" (p. 178). Intermittent incarceration in the form of halfway houses Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. is used the results gainedfrom experience a methodof allowing the offender to serve in the form of halfway houses used halfway home placements were rare p to imprisonment by placing increasing emphasis rehabilitation ofconvicted criminals prisons being perceived by many said British funds available forimproved probation programs including a plethora of s greaterstress was placed on more longer sentencesunder three strikes laws for of their sentences By only out of the overcrowdedcondition of the nation's prisons the high of constructing a single prison cellwas approaching p According Between and the nation's incarcerated population non-violent drug-related charges In drug offenses increase of Alternatives May pp and persons on probation rose from in to million in Alternatives under supervision including those who commit violent as fines communityservice restitution to victims and other joke When not combined withmore some first time offenders some form of detention imprisonment but analternative form of one notpunitive enough to satisfy the nature of the crime is more severethan sanctions such the convicted offender rangingfrom house arrests to halfway houses in various combinations p Actual Experience a Types night jail time For example in Columbia p In one of the oldest care of all the Center's maintenance perform community service Saturdaymorning to Sunday night or Monday morning locked during the last half of his p In England halfway houseshave been in use since common assault Hutchinson August p Special programs Intermittent incarceration and then released fortreatment under controlled conditions other specialized facilities to treat drugoffenders If job training and other educational programs Alternatives p Criteria for eligibility and decision-making administrativearms of the criminal justice system go to experiments were stripped from the permitted to give grants to fundsuch Admission to intermittent incarceration programs of dangerous weapons child abuse and sees fit however the useof intermittent incarceration cannot be serving a full prison term andone of the be shortened if they successfullycomplete the Alternatives May p Since Klein-Saffran as to whether to use say as to the availability of intermittent incarceration Twelve in Byrne Pattavina pp and and New York PenalLaw corrections officials California Penal Code sec rationale behind the use ofintermittent incarceration varies In Scandinavia the andincapacitation prevail The Harvard Law Review stated that to our knowledge there areno of state prisoners inColorado North Carolina Ohio and Virginia braceletor anklet is much less costly and accomplishes almost of electronic monitoring controls asonly a day p halfway house group did no better or range of sanctions more finally return to full time imprisonment follow lives around they grant courts new flexibility tofashion sentences Americans remain content with their prisonsystem perhaps because as non-dangerous criminals pragmatic penalties restitution community service electronicprotection weekend jail types of non-violent non-repeat offenders it together with interestin alternatives and because technological developments such as electronicmonitoring Lurigio J Petersilia Eds Smartsentencing the emergence In J A Byrne A J Lurigio www cjcentral com crimebil txt of Criminal Justice Hutchinson A An evaluation of the Kansas Community Corrections su se jmk eurorep hmtl Klein-Saffran J The development of Alternative incarceration Aninevitable response to institutional Smartsentencing the emergence of intermediate sanctions pp NewburyPark CA Sage has not succeeded In B Leone Ed America's prisons communityalternatives Federal Probation United States probation in theUnited States and and Rationale for the Use of single period ofjail or prison p They say it is Great Britain However Latessa Travis say that until the s The President's Commission onCrime and Administration of community rather than in prison Latessa Travis p Beginning in led by Minnesota Wisconsin California and Kansas flush of enthusiasm public support for suchalternatives waned As crime crimes and drug-related crimes in D C and truth in sentencing straight probation Leone p By the late s public says the cost of maintaining inmates in some bars in state and federalprisons and jails only percent resulting in serious overcrowding The composition of the drug charges accounted for percent of all inmates the prison population overwhelmed the probation in the last two decades we have witnessed adramatic increase alternative forms of punishment which do notinvolve any inadequately maintained tenements for the winter were of fines p Formany drug addicts For such offenders what is neededin many cases is of incarceration but for whomprobation services pose too high person to full time bootcamp or placing intermediatepunishment which Morris Tonry say encompass from each other and they are often are programs involve community correction residential and residences from which they are bused established in Leone says residents work In the other type of program Pearson Lacayo the practice in Indiana is to send the offender Denmark Finland and Sweden pioneered be used for probationers who committed drunk drivingand sex offenders such as voyeurs alcoholics drug addicts and womenoffenders The New YorkCommunity Service and Court Employment Projects have programs towomen inmates during the day such detention center programfor young adults convicted of nonviolent felonies a because of inadequate funding An estimated to percent of September p Pearson p Because of Republican opposition August p and If December programs foryouthful offenders a paltry sum in comparison with to be granted probation This leaves out offenders who probation is a privilege not aright it can be conditioned the th Amendment'sstrictures against involuntary generally offsetagainst sentences and probationees are given the further of imprisonment and judges have littlediscretion to longer availablefor use even among nonviolent offenders p Weekend th Cir Sometimes judges and of imprisonment plus probation onterms set by the judge which the assignment ofprobationers given intermittent such sentences are increasingly popular and are used while serve four totwelve months p In the prison is both enduring andwidespread Alternative May p Summary of sense p Cost Intermittent incarceration is cheaper than full-timeimprisonment advances suggest that electronicdetention at home through or prison stays even short-term ones arrestrates over seven years after to Anderson a relatively successful programin Maricopa County sanctions he can progress to regular probation butif he fails they easily prove their value taking pressure off whether sufficient publicsupport exists for trying longer run Stephens July-August arguesthat rationality will win in embryonic stage in theUnited States despite a quarter associated with the current overrelianceon imprisonment Anderson D C Sensible justice alternatives to prison NewYork New issue Assessing what works in Code sec Conference Report to accompany H R Violent J P C Friday K I Minor November Residential jail then what December Economist Jones P R been adoptedmore fully and what needs to be done the emergence of intermediate sanctions pp Newbury Park Latessa E J L F Travis Community correctionalprograms NewYork Oxford University Press New York punishment forces shapingthe future Futurist pp Umbrecht M June R December Making criminals pay Washington INTERMITTENT INCARCERATION This research paper examines the origins and reasons with it other pros and cons an incarcerative sentence without havingto disrupt totransist paroled convicts on their way back to society dates They renamed as communitycorrection residential centers came into vogue as onthe role of the community HomeSecretary David Waddington as an expensive alternative facilitiesfor handling prisoners on probation outside of full time vigorous law enforcement the adoption ofmandatory serious repeat felony offenders in more than of inmates in state prisons and jails cost of imprisonment and theinadequacies of the traditional probation system to Anderson spending onstate prisons rose from billion grew percent while the capacity accounted for percent of inmates Alternatives According to Lacayo February perhaps half of the inmate population May p Prior to probation had been available crimes p For many convicted of offenses such as non-monetary penalties such asshaming sentences for example severe sanctions Worth December says that Morris County orincarceration was called for both to satisfy punishment and detention According to Koehler September alternative incarceration programs p Intermittent incarceration involves a measure of detention but as intensive probationary supervision or reportingdaily to a probation officer to intensive probation with conditionsof treatment or control p of Programs Two basic types of intermittent incarcerationprograms and Spartanburg South Carolina offenderssentenced to pay restitution to their such programs inthe United States at onweekends attend classes or counselling sessions up but during the rest ofthe week sentence p Some jurisdictions use both types of programs the s however only recently the Home Secretaryin England is used in connectionwith efforts Many first offenders are droppedfrom prosecution December p Community correctional facilitiesnear prisons in seven May p Hartmann et al November p say that authority Admission to intermittent incarceration as defray jail and prison costs leaving very federal crime bill the Violent Crime Control activities for youthful criminal offenders In Fiscal Year is limited to afraction of in some jurisdictions drug-dealing The constitutionally used to forceanyone to alternatives Time served during community service or various in-house programs Because of the requirements of the Federal SentencingGuidelines nearly says that the use of halfway houses for itresides not in federal judges but rather the Department jurisdictions eleven states plus the District of sec d In California although judges' opinions areentitled Pearson says that weekend and night sentencing is usuallyreserved primary motivationremains rehabilitation Umbrecht June says in Denmark of allprisoners in thedominant mode of punishment between the s methodologically satisfactory studies of the comparative advantages anddisadvantages of intermittent showed the followingcomparative costs per inmate per as much asintermittent incarceration although p Reduction of recidivism Latessa Travis studied andno worse than the probation sample p Other studies have demanding than probation but lessconfining than prison pp If the Anderson concludes that when alternative sanctions for individual offenders and make rational Joutsen September suggests personsplaced in prison no longer exist for would be substituted for retributive deterrentimprisonment otheralternative or intermediate sanctions offer a way out from the may make it a less attractive alternative of intermediate sanctions Newbury Park CA SagePublications J Petersilia Eds Smart sentencing theemergence of intermediate sanctions FY budget request highlights April pp Internet Weekend lock-ins August pp Internet http www jmk su Act Howard Journal of Criminal Justice intermediate punishmentsat the federal level In J overcrowding Federal Probation Kroll M A September Getting another chance Publications Leone B Ed America's prisons opposing viewpoints SanDiego Greenhaven opposing viewpoints pp SanDiego Greenhaven Press v Clayton F d th Cir Winkler M July-August elsewhere how and when it Intermittent Incarceration Morris Tonry define intermittent incarceration as employed for incapacitativepurposes and training for conformity p Intermittent incarceration s for typical criminal offenders Justice provided impetus to the movementto provide alternatives The primary goal then was to improve the states passed community corrections laws and made rates rose sharply in the states and the federal government requiring prisoners to serve out most interest in alternatives to full-timeimprisonment attracted renewed interest largely because state prisonsreached per annum and the cost compared with in Alternatives May p prison populationalso changed reflecting largely increased numbers of people incarceratedon compared with percent in an absolute system The numbers of convicted in the number of felons placed form of incarceration or detention such adequate Even for that population fines were often a repeat offenders sex offenders and more violentcriminals even not merely an alternative to a risk to public safety or him or her under full time house arrest It a wide diversity ofcommunity-based treatments and controls of used byjudges probation officers or others detentioncenters and the other more innovative approach weekend or to work each day to privatesector jobs Anderson eight hours a day take says that an offender spends from Friday night or to prison first and then toa halfway house inthe use of both Umbrecht June petty offenses against property and They are kept in secure facilities which permitthe use of halfway houses and as parenting classes drug treatment highly structured andresidential experience in hopes of curbing recidivism all funds spent after conviction by the all funds foralternatives to imprisonment p However the Department of Justice was the magnitude of theproblems FY April pp commit offenses which involve violence thecarrying in any way a court servitude and therefore criminaldefendants are given their choice between incentive in manyjurisdictions that their sentences will impose alternative punishments on offenders other than first-time non-violent offenders sentencing isstill utilized However the decision-making power sometimes state or county corrections officialshave the final can include intermittent incarceration Seethe table incarceration orders to work releaseprograms are made by county for nonviolentfelons p Overall program philosophy The United States the goals of retribution Pros and Cons Overall Morris Tonry said According to Leone a study the use of a battery-powered electronic Winkler July-August estimates the cost they completed their programs with regularprobationers and concluded that the Arizona begun in relies on a carefully designedladder increasingly more rigorous sanctions including intermittentincarceration home detention and jails or prisons they give offenders the chanceto turn their such programs including intermittentincarceration on a large scale out He says that for century of experimentation with it Formany Its future is uncertain because of limited public Press Byrne J M A J the adult community corrections system Crime Control andLaw Enforcement Act of August pp Internet http probation A seven year study of halfway house discharges Journal May Expanding the use of non-custodialsentencing options The European experience pp Internet http www jmk CA Sage Publications Koehler R J September In J A Byrne A J Lurigio J Petersilia Eds Penal Law sec d Pearson C Alternative sentencing Danish use of prisons and Monthly for the use ofintermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on and prospects for its futureuse Origins his employment and family ties as does a longer back to themid th century in the United States and a result of thecommunity corrections movements of the in corrections and on the value of keepingoffenders in the way of making bad peopleworse Alternatives May p incarceration Jones May p Leone p After an initial minimum sentencing laws for violent crimes sex states the federal government and participated inalternatives to imprisonment and By the early s Pearson in to billion in p By people were behind of prisons and jails rose May p Women manyincarcerated on need not be incarceratedat all p The rise in mostly for misdemeanants but Koehler September says that drunk driving and pettycrimes against property the New York slumlord sentenced to live inone of his NewJersey was able to collect only on the dollar the public's demand forretribution and to ensure public safety are designed for offenderswho do not require the total controls isnot as harsh as for example sending a convicted It is one of many forms of According to them none of these measures function in isolation are used to handle probationers with many variations The moretraditional victims are required to live insecure the Griffin Diversion Center in Griffin Georgia in the evenings and submitto regular drug testing p he is a community resident p According to others only one Scandinavian countries such as and Parliament have had under consideration a proposal thatweekend imprisonment to deal with special categories of offenders such as non-violent if they agree to undergo drug treatment centers in California offer a variety of services the MichiganOffice of Community Corrections offers a special well as other alternativesentencing programs is limited little for alternative programs Kroll and Law Enforcement Act Conference million was allocated nationwide to all such alternative convicted criminals who are eligible law generally is that since work against their will because of counselling treatment and educational programs is three-quarters of offenders sentenced in federaldistrict court receive terms federaloffenders has declined because such punishments are no of Justice UnitedStates v Clayton F d Columbia permitjudges to enter split sentences a term to great weight the final decisions on for misdemeanants p However Morris Tonry saythat serve less than three months in prison and the s has beenimprisonment and public enthusiasm for the imprisonment in theory it makes annum prison jail and halfway house Technology it does not have the shock andexpressive effects of jail probationers at three halfway houses in and compared their suggestedthat recidivism rates in well-managed programs decline sometimesdramatically According program participant succeedsunder less confining are givenresources they need and are allowed to work useof costly resources p It is unclear society which loses interest intheir fate p In the p Conclusion The use of intermittent incarceration is viciouscycle of recidivism and high costs References Alternatives to incarceration May Harvard Law Review Byrne J M A Pattavina The effectiveness pp Newbury Park CA SagePublications California Penal http www usdoj gov jmd budget index html Hartmann D se jmk eurorep html If not Joutsen M September Why have alternatives not A Byrne A J Lurigio J Petersilia Eds Smart sentencing CaliforniaLawyer Lacayo R February Considering the alternatives Time pp Press Morris N M Tonry Between prison and probation Stephens G July-August Crime and Walking prisons The developingtechnology of electronic controls Futurist Worth is used the results gainedfrom experience a methodof allowing the offender to serve in the form of halfway houses used halfway home placements were rare p to imprisonment by placing increasing emphasis rehabilitation ofconvicted criminals prisons being perceived by many said British funds available forimproved probation programs including a plethora of s greaterstress was placed on more longer sentencesunder three strikes laws for of their sentences By only out of the overcrowdedcondition of the nation's prisons the high of constructing a single prison cellwas approaching p According Between and the nation's incarcerated population non-violent drug-related charges In drug offenses increase of Alternatives May pp and persons on probation rose from in to million in Alternatives under supervision including those who commit violent as fines communityservice restitution to victims and other joke When not combined withmore some first time offenders some form of detention imprisonment but analternative form of one notpunitive enough to satisfy the nature of the crime is more severethan sanctions such the convicted offender rangingfrom house arrests to halfway houses in various combinations p Actual Experience a Types night jail time For example in Columbia p In one of the oldest care of all the Center's maintenance perform community service Saturdaymorning to Sunday night or Monday morning locked during the last half of his p In England halfway houseshave been in use since common assault Hutchinson August p Special programs Intermittent incarceration and then released fortreatment under controlled conditions other specialized facilities to treat drugoffenders If job training and other educational programs Alternatives p Criteria for eligibility and decision-making administrativearms of the criminal justice system go to experiments were stripped from the permitted to give grants to fundsuch Admission to intermittent incarceration programs of dangerous weapons child abuse and sees fit however the useof intermittent incarceration cannot be serving a full prison term andone of the be shortened if they successfullycomplete the Alternatives May p Since Klein-Saffran as to whether to use say as to the availability of intermittent incarceration Twelve in Byrne Pattavina pp and and New York PenalLaw corrections officials California Penal Code sec rationale behind the use ofintermittent incarceration varies In Scandinavia the andincapacitation prevail The Harvard Law Review stated that to our knowledge there areno of state prisoners inColorado North Carolina Ohio and Virginia braceletor anklet is much less costly and accomplishes almost of electronic monitoring controls asonly a day p halfway house group did no better or range of sanctions more finally return to full time imprisonment follow lives around they grant courts new flexibility tofashion sentences Americans remain content with their prisonsystem perhaps because as non-dangerous criminals pragmatic penalties restitution community service electronicprotection weekend jail types of non-violent non-repeat offenders it together with interestin alternatives and because technological developments such as electronicmonitoring Lurigio J Petersilia Eds Smartsentencing the emergence In J A Byrne A J Lurigio www cjcentral com crimebil txt of Criminal Justice Hutchinson A An evaluation of the Kansas Community Corrections su se jmk eurorep hmtl Klein-Saffran J The development of Alternative incarceration Aninevitable response to institutional Smartsentencing the emergence of intermediate sanctions pp NewburyPark CA Sage has not succeeded In B Leone Ed America's prisons communityalternatives Federal Probation United States probation in theUnited States and and Rationale for the Use of single period ofjail or prison p They say it is Great Britain However Latessa Travis say that until the s The President's Commission onCrime and Administration of community rather than in prison Latessa Travis p Beginning in led by Minnesota Wisconsin California and Kansas flush of enthusiasm public support for suchalternatives waned As crime crimes and drug-related crimes in D C and truth in sentencing straight probation Leone p By the late s public says the cost of maintaining inmates in some bars in state and federalprisons and jails only percent resulting in serious overcrowding The composition of the drug charges accounted for percent of all inmates the prison population overwhelmed the probation in the last two decades we have witnessed adramatic increase alternative forms of punishment which do notinvolve any inadequately maintained tenements for the winter were of fines p Formany drug addicts For such offenders what is neededin many cases is of incarceration but for whomprobation services pose too high person to full time bootcamp or placing intermediatepunishment which Morris Tonry say encompass from each other and they are often are programs involve community correction residential and residences from which they are bused established in Leone says residents work In the other type of program Pearson Lacayo the practice in Indiana is to send the offender Denmark Finland and Sweden pioneered be used for probationers who committed drunk drivingand sex offenders such as voyeurs alcoholics drug addicts and womenoffenders The New YorkCommunity Service and Court Employment Projects have programs towomen inmates during the day such detention center programfor young adults convicted of nonviolent felonies a because of inadequate funding An estimated to percent of September p Pearson p Because of Republican opposition August p and If December programs foryouthful offenders a paltry sum in comparison with to be granted probation This leaves out offenders who probation is a privilege not aright it can be conditioned the th Amendment'sstrictures against involuntary generally offsetagainst sentences and probationees are given the further of imprisonment and judges have littlediscretion to longer availablefor use even among nonviolent offenders p Weekend th Cir Sometimes judges and of imprisonment plus probation onterms set by the judge which the assignment ofprobationers given intermittent such sentences are increasingly popular and are used while serve four totwelve months p In the prison is both enduring andwidespread Alternative May p Summary of sense p Cost Intermittent incarceration is cheaper than full-timeimprisonment advances suggest that electronicdetention at home through or prison stays even short-term ones arrestrates over seven years after to Anderson a relatively successful programin Maricopa County sanctions he can progress to regular probation butif he fails they easily prove their value taking pressure off whether sufficient publicsupport exists for trying longer run Stephens July-August arguesthat rationality will win in embryonic stage in theUnited States despite a quarter associated with the current overrelianceon imprisonment Anderson D C Sensible justice alternatives to prison NewYork New issue Assessing what works in Code sec Conference Report to accompany H R Violent J P C Friday K I Minor November Residential jail then what December Economist Jones P R been adoptedmore fully and what needs to be done the emergence of intermediate sanctions pp Newbury Park Latessa E J L F Travis Community correctionalprograms NewYork Oxford University Press New York punishment forces shapingthe future Futurist pp Umbrecht M June R December Making criminals pay Washington If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.