ANABOLIC STEROIDS.   Term Paper ID:25770 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Use by bodybuilders, purpose, physical & psychological effects. Paper Introduction: STEROIDS (ANABOLIC) Introduction The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study of their effects physically and psychologically. Study results indicate more than minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use. These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations of aggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated. Article Summary Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied the prevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). One of the authors became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. The experimental group were twelve body builders using high doses AAS Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Absorption is rapid and tolerancedevelops quickly. References Cooper, C. LSD also results insevere panic; extreme anxiety with hallucinations may be mistaken asfunctional psychosis. Psychiatric literature does mention theseeffects, terms used are flashbacks or afterimagery (Kawasaki & Purvin,1996). Article Summary Kawasaki and Purvin (1996) identified a chronic visual complicationof LSD. LSD results in intoxication mimicking functional psychosis; statesmay persist for many days. Poole, R., & Brabbins, C. Results of the current study demonstrated abnormal personality traitsfor AAS users. The text also reports on LSD pharmacology; LSD is odorless,colorless, tasteless and yet it is one of the most potent psychochemicalknown. Article Summary Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied theprevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users ofanabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Drugdependence, depression, and aggression may be experienced. J., Noakes, T. BritishJournal of Psychiatry, 168 (2), 135-138. Physicaleffects of AAS have been studied; the psychological effects are lessunderstood. A weakness of the study was that thepremorbid personality traits used were assessed from historical recall ofthe subjects and may not have been reliable. Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford offer findings ofabnormal personality traits resulting from AAS use, which the text makesonly brief reference to. The text reports beliefs associated with LSD. I., & Rochford,K. Studies that have been performed show psychiatric effects ofAAS use to include paranoid schizotypal, antisocial, borderline,histrionic, narcissistic, and passive-aggressive personality traitdisorders (Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, & Rochford, 1996). Again it was pointed out that anabolic steroid use was initiallyconfined to weight lifters, but they are now taken in large doses by youngmen trying to enhance their appearance. The text briefly mentioned AAS withdrawal and dependencepossibilities, Corrigan supports and expounds on these conclusions withphysiological and psychological explanations. A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronicusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. The experimental groupwere twelve body builders using high doses AAS for no more than 18 months;the control group never used AAS (self-report). References Kawasaki, A., & Purvin, V. Corrigan expands the listof psychological changes and reports on the cases of two murders thought tobe associated with AAS use. Corrigan further reports on psychological and psychiatricchanges found with AAS use, with a literature review which includes caseexamples of murder resulting from steroid rage. Neither study reportedas the text did, regarding additional physical concerns of steroid use suchas baldness, acne, testes atrophy, breast development in men and loss inwomen. It can also result in violent behavior and rages. Corrigan, B. Anabolic steroids and the mind. (1996). Studies show palinopsia to be a potentially irreversible toxic consequenceof LSD use and yet it is hardly mentioned in the neurologic orophthalmologic literature. The level of aggression and violence described in both murders,fit the descriptive term steroid rage. Palinopsia is also reported as a side effect of medications. 222-226. (1996). St.Louis Missouri: Mosby-Year Book Inc.----------------------- 6 The text, more than either study, reported physicaleffects to include the following: increased muscle mass and variousinternal organs, control of body fat distribution, and increased proteinsynthesis and bone calcium. Kawasaki and Purvin lack the extensive reports on the full LSDexperience, however they do provide support and further examples regardingflashbacks. LSD is described as an illicit substance which inducesaltered states of perception, mood, and thought without cloudingconsciousness. Ray, O., & Ksir, C. He reported palinopsiaprecipitated by any moving objects; the image appeared as a ghost imageseries trailing behind the original moving object for a few seconds. Illicit hallucinogenic drugs, or psychedelic and psychotomimeticagents are found in natural and synthetic forms. Data regarding currentpersonality traits may or may not have been valid and/or reliable (Cooper,Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, & Rochford, 1996). Pool and Brabbins also lack an extensive portrayal of the LSDexperience but they further explore the necessity of understanding effectssuch as psychosis for the future management of drug induced abnormal mentalstates. An interview based on theDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM3-R) personalitydisorder criteria was conducted for each subject with additionalinformation from friends and family. demonstrate personality changes with their study of AAS usein bodybuilders. Psychologicaland/or psychiatric changes are common side effects. Her palinopsia was found to be present for the next three years, withno further LSD use. Studies show the aggressive effectsof testosterone use; anabolic steroids are derived from testosterone(Corrigan, 1996). Case one was a 21-year-old woman with a history of occasional LSDuse. Another believe is that LSD is therapeutically useful such as withthe treatment of alcoholics; study results are not conclusive. St.Louis Missouri: Mosby-Year Book Inc. Acute LSD intoxication produces hallucinations andillusions that are predominantly visual and include image distortion, colorintensification, geometric hallucinations and false movement perception.Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) refers to the recurringLSD experience after drug discontinuation; this may be a spontaneous andtransitory episode or a long-term alteration of perception (Kawasaki &Purvin, 1996). LSD usecan result in unwanted effects such as palinopsia during and after its use. (1996). Studies have shown that the use ofthese steroids can result in psychiatric disorders, aggressive and violentbehavior, and problems with drug withdrawal and dependence. MedicalJournal of Australia, 165 (4). Neither studyprovides this comprehensive historical perspective. Corrigan (1996) also reviewed the psychological effects of anabolicsteroids. Persistent palinopsia followingingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). (1996). (1996). Three patients were studied during and after LSD intoxication.All three experienced prolonged afterimages (palinopsia) during LSDintoxication and continued to be symptomatic up to three years followingcessation of the drug. Very small amounts are needed to produce an effect; LSD has neverbeen linked to human overdose death. LSD is believed toincrease or release creativity; experiments do not provide evidence to thiseffect. HALLUCINOGENS (LSD) Introduction Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent hallucinogen. The text further describes ahistory of the ergot fungus, and a history of LSD discovery and research,to include secret army/CIA research and recreational use. The dependencemay result from effects on endogenous opioid or monoaminergic brainsystems, or it may result from social reinforcement and pleasureexperienced from having a muscular body (Corrigan, 1996). One of the earlieststudies on these effects demonstrated that 56 percent of 32 weight-trainedsubjects reported a subjective perception of increased irritability andaggression; findings were the same for female athletes. Pool and Brabbins (1996) reported on psychosis induced by drugs.This diagnostic category is reported to be inconsistent in definition andcontroversial regarding the relationship between drug use and psychoticsymptoms. Personality traits prior to AAS usewere assessed retrospectively. STEROIDS (ANABOLIC) Introduction The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study oftheir effects physically and psychologically. Archives of Ophthalmology,114 (1), 47-5 . Case three was a healthy15-year-old boy who abused LSD frequently. Drugs, society, & human behavior. Drugs are a major factor in psychosis and the management of thedisorder. Relevance Both authors support the text regarding the popular usage of anabolicsteroids for weightlifters and bodybuilders and possible physical andpsychological effects. In these cases the patients manifest other corticaldysfunctions. Psychologicalchanges have been divided into groups: early effects may include changesin mood and euphoria, diminished fatigue, changes in libido, irritability,anger, agitation, and edginess; larger or longer doses result in loss ofinhibition and judgement, mood swings, grandiose ideas, and suspicious,quarrelsome, impulsive, aggressive, and antisocial behavior, violence andrages that can result in property damage, self-injury, assaults, suicide,and murder. Personality traits prior to AAS use were not different fromthose of control subjects. Relevance The text reports LSD to be the most potent and notorioushallucinogen; it is synthesized from the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea,a mold that grows occasionally on grain. Drugs, society, & human behavior. It was concluded that AAS use is associatedwith disturbances in the personality. Pool and Brabbins reported on the importance ofunderstanding and treating LSD effects of abnormal mental states orpsychosis. Ray, O., & Ksir, C. Prior to the mid-197 s, illicit use of AAS mainly involved highlytrained athletes. One of the authors became aparticipant-observer in a group of body builders. Again, neither study provided this comprehensive overviewregarding LSD. Conclusion The text provided information regarding many aspects of LSD toinclude its origin, history, previous research, pharmacology, the LSDexperience, adverse reactions, and pertaining beliefs.Kawasaki and Purvino investigated and provided support and further examplesregarding flashbacks. D., Dunne, T., Lambert, M. It is concluded that the nature and management ofabnormal mental states induced by drugs, needs more clarification withquality studies (Pool & Brabbins, 1996). Anabolicsteroid use has recently been implicated in two violent murders. Conclusion The text reports on the use of anabolic steroids with a review ofassociated physical changes and brief mention of psychological changes.Cooper et al. A man with paranoid tendencies battered his wife to death with ahammer and shot himself. Palinopsia, the visual perseveration of a recently viewed object, hastraditionally been associated with lesions of the nondominant parieto-occipital cortex (infarction, tumor, trauma, and arteriovenousmalformation). LSD results in chronic hallucinosis orflashbacks; these flashbacks are true hallucinations with the quality oftrue perceptions. British Journal of Sports Medicine,3 (3), 246-25 . A second man murdered a woman he knew from anightclub. Beliefsthat LSD caused damage to chromosomes of white blood cells (leukocytes),turned out to delete the fact that effects were on white blood cells andnot germ cells. The text made note of personality changes foundand the rage experienced by some steroid users. Thepalinopsia persisted unchanged at a six-month follow-up (Kawasaki & Purvin,1996). Natural hallucinogens arepsilocybin (mushrooms) and mescaline (peyote cactus); LSD is a synthetichallucinogen. Anabolic steroid side effects have been noted; these effects can besudden, severe, unpredictable, and include sudden death. Corrigan furthers the text's discussion regarding psychological andpsychiatric consequences. Study results indicate morethan minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use.These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations ofaggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated. The LSD experience is portrayed by thetext and includes descriptions of hallucinogen-induced imagery, changes invisual perception, altered perception combined with enhanced emotionality,adverse reactions, panic reactions, prolonged psychotic reactions,flashbacks. Case two was a 17-year-old boy who experiencedpalinopsia two months after an LSD trip; images lasted up to one minute.Colors and lights or geometric shapes were seen. Withdrawal symptoms include depression, listlessness, apathy,appetite, libido, and self-esteem loss, anxiety, lack of concentration, andmood swings. Although any LSD study could benefit from anintroduction regarding the nature of the drug, neither study reportedregarding these LSD aspects. (1996). Drug induced psychosis. Subjects are able to recognize that they arise fromwithin themselves as a result of previous drug use. Both studies could have benefitted from a more extensiveintroduction to LSD. Since that time, the majority of AAS usage has includedrecreational and non-competitive athletes and school children. Psychiatric effects include schizophrenia, mania, delirium,depression, suicide, and paranoia (Corrigan, 1996). Treatment of LSD effects includes an understanding of resulting abnormalmental states. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.