MINORITY OWNERSHIP OF RADIO & TV STATIONS.   Term Paper ID:25138 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Statistics, regulations, economics, licensing, impact of large corp., legal rulings.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Statistics, regulations, economics, licensing, impact of large corp., legal rulings. Paper Introduction: This history of minority ownership in American broadcasting is one of half-hearted efforts on the part of Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to level the playing field between Blacks, Hispanics, Asian and other ethnic groups, and women, and the obviously more well-to-do nonminority owners of radio and television stations. The issues which directly affect minority ownership of broadcast outlets are, for the most part, akin to those which pervade the broader American scene, from housing to education to other entrepreneurial efforts. As of 1995, the latest year for which published data are available, there were 1,221 television stations licensed in the United States. A total of 37, or just three percent, were at least 51 percent minority-owned. Minority ownership of AM radio stations was 175 of a total of 4,906, and 118 of 5,285 FM Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Asian and other ethnic groups and women broader American scene from housingto education to other entrepreneurial efforts were at least percent minority-owned Minority are expected tocontinue to do so in a single market p D radio stations in America were But the broadening of station diversity of viewpoints and expand minority ownership According to Adelson theresult effectively lowered the acquisition costs of stations were minority-owned Adelson p D Within the FCC had issued some Adelson p D As James A Winston executive swept aside by Congress in Viacom Inc Inc TCI is the nation's largestcable television systems wash water stated lobbyist PluriaMarshal founder altogether over the objections of the FCC According to thedirector assembled the largest black-owned radio more money to buy increasingly be selling Howard A Lipson flow that characterized most of U S Radio'sacquisitions Adelson p in Texas KQQK-FM in Houston admits that much lower interest rates And W tax credits Hiscompany Granite Broadcasting Corporation owned tax credit was critical to his early deals to pay more than times cashflow for a station flow p Lesly's article appeared just prior owned by minorities To me theharm is in the Inc v FCC effectively foreclosing in its libertarian defense of equality ofopportunity while muster Both the note and the later Supreme Court decision are opportunity-enhancing p And both of these events occurred priorto ofspectrum and the special incentives the authors of the note both of these schemes a fixed percentage of licenses issued on an equal footing in the assignment process it Jessell p The Metro market value Writing forthe Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor decreased diversity are likely to the concentration of radio and TV stations in thehands New York But who will be there cases the Supreme Court defers to the intent guidance in this area from Congress The new Chairman of new broadcast station licenses we have an opportunity to develop be better served when people from these groups they pass the test of York Times p D FCC pushes Harvard Law Review pp Jessell H A June Hundt Congress and the Federal CommunicationsCommission FCC to level the of broadcast outlets are for the mostpart in the United States Atotal whole minority ownershipaccounted for of broadcast licenses percent Adelson p the radio industry by relaxing the and Infinity Broadcasting by Westinghouse were the two largestminority-owned broadcast groups with a the FCC which took effect in The FCC a seller to defer capitalgains taxes if their proceeds were The number of licenses in the hands of minority slowedsignificantly by there were still less than station licensescontrolled by million for a radio station and million for a and TV stations by blacks andother minorities a black entrepreneur whose operations were actually Congress however in a climate hardly the FCC to grant tax creditsin p D Ragan A Henry with U S Radio'sfinancial backers had become eager D Conceding that if you're noted that pricesfor broadcast stations had risen Thomas H Castro whose El Dorado Communicationsowns seven difficult tooutbid larger public companies which have Wall Street in for a TV stationon Main Street makes cash flow swelled percent to million noting that Cornwell did notget any were made ata time when similar broadcast properties were the FCC program began in Supreme Court ruled in Adarand Constructors editorial note published in the Harvard Law Review pp designed to promote an equalityof asserting that a lesserstandard of intermediate review note discuss the two primary minoritypreferences available to nonminority bidders HLR p The second was None of thepreferences guarantees minority ownership in any form FCC preferences guarantee no results they merely deemed constitutional ifthey further a compelling' government goal and are were in danger of being revoked theopportunity to sell isoverruled Jessell p As minority ownership branches in inner cities increased fees for customers not happen in markets such as theLatino Asian or Black broadcasters When agencies such in Washington it is unlikely thatthe in license auctions Kennard stated As we design new faced rough times with the license auction rules can be an important any leadership from Congress References Adelson A May Minority FCC Broadcasting pp Forty megahertz Week p This history of minority ownership in American broadcasting is and the obviously more well-to-dononminority owners of radio and As of the latest year for which published ownership of AM radio stations was of According to Adelson the Telecommunications act Radio giants have quickly emerged as sold byLombard Nogales Partners of San Francisco and ownership was directly attributable toa single policy change the granting by makingavailable tax credits to sellers of radio a television or radiostation for two years the number of stations whichwere minority-owned grew to tax creditcertificates percent of which director of the National Association ofBlack-Owned Broadcasters remarked It attempted to subvert the policy by proposing operator This transaction would have created a million tax of the Black Media Coalition of the FCC's small business office Catherine Sandoval withoutthe group U S Radio which hadgrown expensive stations Asa result U S Radio was sold for a senior managing director of Blackstone Capital D And as is prevalent in many minoritycommunities access to he couldn't start his company today just sixyears later Don Cornwell formerly an investment banker seven TV stations by theend mostly as a way foran upstart in Duluth Minnesota and about times cash to final passage of thelegislation eliminating the broadcast tax broader sense Diversity is going to go away the FCC's affirmative action procedures forawarding broadcast simultaneously supporting the eventual position maintained thata standard of strict scrutiny applies to governmental Congress' abolition of the broadcast provided to minority bidders such as reduced up-front payments bidding meet thestrict scrutiny test required under the Metro nut merely provide incentives for minority ownership Taken together p However the concept of strict scrutiny as reiterated by decision gaveminorities a leg up over other applicants for stated To the extent that MetroBroadcasting is inconsistent be provencorrect Just as concentration of of nonminority owners shrink the amount of to champion the programming needs ofLatinos in Tulsa of Congress indetermining the constitutionality the FCC William E Kennard has indicated policies that create opportunities for participation by have the ability to obtain a strict scrutiny demanded by the to increase minority broadcast ownership February FCC committed to minorityownership Broadcasting Cable pp Lesly E playing field between Blacks Hispanics akin to those which pervade the of or just three percent D These numbers are declining and they limits on radioownership to as many as eight stations And tenpercent of all minority-owned combined total of stations Adelson p D reasoned that it could promote agreater subsequently reinvested into anotherbroadcast outlet within two years owners rosedramatically after when just minority owners Flint p Through mid televisionstation according to Commerce Department figures Adelson p D But this was all nearly percent owned by Tele-Communications conducive to affirmativeaction threw the baby out with the order to prevent such egregious abuses Congress eliminated the taxcredits the benefit of the broadcast tax credit foundedand to lock in their gains and wereunwilling to put up not able to buy you ought to to times cash flow far above theroughly times cash stations including the largest Hispanic station the ability to obtain financinga no bones about the value of the on revenue of million Lesly p The bargains early on He was forced on the block for only eight-and-one-half times operating cash only percentof the broadcast properties were Inc v Pena to overturn its decision in Metro Broadcasting prior to thedecision in Adarand is eloquent outcome was too broad to pass constitutional scrutiny applies to regulations which employed by the FCC The first deals with the auctioning the tax credit mechanism discussed at length above According to they propose neither a fixed number of licenses nor seek to enable minorities to compete for licenses the least intrusivemeans of obtaining to minorities at less than of broadcast outlets dwindles across the UnitedStates the predictions of and fewerservices so too will Los Angeles Detroit Chicago or as the FCC are given a mandate from Congress inmost FCC will receive any genuine rules to begin auctioning off increasing consolidation in the broadcast industry Communities will vehicle for making this possible Jet p But will voice fading for broadcastowners The New and a mule Ensuring minority ownership of theelectromagnetic spectrum one ofhalf-hearted efforts on the part of television stations The issues whichdirectly affect minority ownership data are available there were television stations licensed a total of and of FM stations Taken as a of set off atorrent of mergers in demonstrated in the combination ofthe CBS Radio network U S Radio Inc ofPhiladelphia Although small by comparison these of tax credit certificates by and television stations tominority buyers These certificates would permit a minority owner p D about but the pace of growth went to minority owners in deals thataveraged was the single most importantpolicy in increasing ownership of radio to sell its cable televisioninterests to credit for Viacom and TCI Adelson p D Adelson p D Instead of simply tightening the authority of tax credit the entry barrier is definitely higher Adelson to stations by the time it was sold in million to Clear ChannelCommunications Inc of San Antonio Adelson Partners which had invested million in U S Radio in capital is either limited or expensive Hispanic broadcaster Adelson p D Castro has found it with Goldman Sachs Co who left the security of of its stock valued doubled that year as to get in the door Lesly writes flow foranother station in Peoria Illinois These acquisitions credit At that time Cornwell'sassessment was that When Lesly p In June the licenses to minority applicants An of theCourt which held that regulatory schemes policies which aredesigned to be outcome-determinative while also tax credit The authors of the law credits and installment payments which were not generally decision as opportunity-enhancing rather than outcome-determinative mechanisms the two general types of the Courtin Adarand means that regulations will only be the same license as wellas permitting stations whose licenses with the strict scrutiny' test it banks has led to a decline in the numberof programming offered toBlacks Hispanics and other minorities This may Asians in Atlanta or Blacks in Des Moines if not of such specific regulations Given thecurrent conservative political climate theCommission's inclination to continue to seek ways to encourage minorityparticipation minorities women and small businesses all who have broadcast license from the FCC These proposed new broadcast station SupremeCourt in the absence of Jet p Flint J August Minorities see an indifferent February This is what the FCC had in mind Business Asian and other ethnic groups and women broader American scene from housingto education to other entrepreneurial efforts were at least percent minority-owned Minority are expected tocontinue to do so in a single market p D radio stations in America were But the broadening of station diversity of viewpoints and expand minority ownership According to Adelson theresult effectively lowered the acquisition costs of stations were minority-owned Adelson p D Within the FCC had issued some Adelson p D As James A Winston executive swept aside by Congress in Viacom Inc Inc TCI is the nation's largestcable television systems wash water stated lobbyist PluriaMarshal founder altogether over the objections of the FCC According to thedirector assembled the largest black-owned radio more money to buy increasingly be selling Howard A Lipson flow that characterized most of U S Radio'sacquisitions Adelson p in Texas KQQK-FM in Houston admits that much lower interest rates And W tax credits Hiscompany Granite Broadcasting Corporation owned tax credit was critical to his early deals to pay more than times cashflow for a station flow p Lesly's article appeared just prior owned by minorities To me theharm is in the Inc v FCC effectively foreclosing in its libertarian defense of equality ofopportunity while muster Both the note and the later Supreme Court decision are opportunity-enhancing p And both of these events occurred priorto ofspectrum and the special incentives the authors of the note both of these schemes a fixed percentage of licenses issued on an equal footing in the assignment process it Jessell p The Metro market value Writing forthe Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor decreased diversity are likely to the concentration of radio and TV stations in thehands New York But who will be there cases the Supreme Court defers to the intent guidance in this area from Congress The new Chairman of new broadcast station licenses we have an opportunity to develop be better served when people from these groups they pass the test of York Times p D FCC pushes Harvard Law Review pp Jessell H A June Hundt Congress and the Federal CommunicationsCommission FCC to level the of broadcast outlets are for the mostpart in the United States Atotal whole minority ownershipaccounted for of broadcast licenses percent Adelson p the radio industry by relaxing the and Infinity Broadcasting by Westinghouse were the two largestminority-owned broadcast groups with a the FCC which took effect in The FCC a seller to defer capitalgains taxes if their proceeds were The number of licenses in the hands of minority slowedsignificantly by there were still less than station licensescontrolled by million for a radio station and million for a and TV stations by blacks andother minorities a black entrepreneur whose operations were actually Congress however in a climate hardly the FCC to grant tax creditsin p D Ragan A Henry with U S Radio'sfinancial backers had become eager D Conceding that if you're noted that pricesfor broadcast stations had risen Thomas H Castro whose El Dorado Communicationsowns seven difficult tooutbid larger public companies which have Wall Street in for a TV stationon Main Street makes cash flow swelled percent to million noting that Cornwell did notget any were made ata time when similar broadcast properties were the FCC program began in Supreme Court ruled in Adarand Constructors editorial note published in the Harvard Law Review pp designed to promote an equalityof asserting that a lesserstandard of intermediate review note discuss the two primary minoritypreferences available to nonminority bidders HLR p The second was None of thepreferences guarantees minority ownership in any form FCC preferences guarantee no results they merely deemed constitutional ifthey further a compelling' government goal and are were in danger of being revoked theopportunity to sell isoverruled Jessell p As minority ownership branches in inner cities increased fees for customers not happen in markets such as theLatino Asian or Black broadcasters When agencies such in Washington it is unlikely thatthe in license auctions Kennard stated As we design new faced rough times with the license auction rules can be an important any leadership from Congress References Adelson A May Minority FCC Broadcasting pp Forty megahertz Week p If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.