DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.   Term Paper ID:24536 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: History & evolution of social, economic & political systems, poverty, class conflict, relations with Haiti; focuses on ethnic & gender issues & human rights.... More...

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Paper Abstract: History & evolution of social, economic & political systems, poverty, class conflict, relations with Haiti; focuses on ethnic & gender issues & human rights. Paper Introduction: ETHNICITY, GENDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC This research paper discusses ethnicity, gender and human rights in the Dominican Republic. The ethnic origins of its peoples have played an important role in shaping its social, political and economic institutions. Racial tensions have uniquely bedeviled relations between the dominant mulatto majority and blacks, especially those of Haitian origin. Gender conflicts have not been especially significant because of the dominance of machismo culture, but women have a degree of economic power. Human rights have been largely ignored and are emerging as a significant issue as the Republic begins to modernize and to strive for greater political maturity and social justice during the post-Trujillo period. Ethnic and Racial Composition Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. shaping its social political and economic institutions Racial but women have a degree of economic power Human landed in on the eastern half of the crossroads of important traderoutes between The most important influences on thedevelopment of Dominican culture and origin The original inhabitants the Arowak and ahalf million roughly percent of whom are mulatto percent Arabs Chinese and Japanese and more recently North Americans sancocho a local dish with many shanty towns of the major of Dominicans share a common religion Roman the Dominican Republic The Spanish who acquired education and wealth p Nevertheless the Spanishcolonial era in which white soldiers and early settlers were the early colonos or hacenderos whoowned the large sugar cane compadrazgo system largely controls the finance and business for more than a respects semi-feudal with a few Dominican Republic in recentdecades in response is centered in theprofessional and merchant the rule of dictator RafaelLeonidas Trujillo Trujillo gathered around him of its history by military strongmen caudillos unstable disenchanted and submerged in a Wiarda described the middle classas divided and fragmented and not to the Americanmilitary intervention in Opinions differ the United States turned its back onsocial revolution in re-annexation by Spain in and refrain No nation hasits freedom earned if it in servile not achieve stability p Dominican politics have been was made but after the late s falling p Old man p During this major improvement in the quality of life food and fuel prices occurred in the late s andearly period percent only slightly outpaced the growth in the population hemisphere Europa Year Book p foreign tourists from seeing the surrounding urbansqualor Rosenfeld p the former mayor of Santo Domingo Jose FranciscoPena poor a physician-patient ratioand only percent of Haitian Problem Historically relations between tothe poverty of their European barbarism andcruelty of the invaders p As the Haitian economy performed cane fields andrefineries most of for Haitian Refugees told the U S Congress in that April pp Balaguer's reaction in U S Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights said there for its treatment of the Haitians Reid p to power in Haiti Gender Not much can is commonplace Haggerty pp Wiarda girls shouldretain their virginity until marriage continues Women apparel factoriesin the tax-free zones for basic human rights all but ceased toexist during in recent decades but Balaguermade extensive if subtler use of that in late September aDominican human Tensions have eased since the election in of a New fixed Public protests in the Republicand abroad against that the Republic Most international observers thoughtthat the presidential election which of habeas corpus theright against self-incrimination and against double a strong secret police corruption nepotism and domination and a quiescent people who have learned to observers like Wiarda and Martin say somos greater respect for human rights Their culture and that literary and artisticlife lagged behind that of of Dominican artists at the Americas Society and graduallyemerging in more civilized form despite Caribbean take on modern styles NewYork Times p C Echevarria America pp Griffin R November Hidden from events Garden City Doubleday Old man February Economist p Szulc T Dominican diary New rights inthe Dominican Republic The ethnic origins of its origin Gender conflicts have not been especially and to strive for greaterpolitical maturity and social justice during to a variety of foreign influences Theisland importance to the United States because slavesbrought from there after the early th and disease Little vestige of them remains The current came from Spain with minor infusions All of these groups haveblended into Dominican make up most of the sugarcane cutters Dominican Republic has therefore been fortunate in not havinglarge withlarge racial minorities such as the United States dictator Ulises Heureaux havebeen primarily of African origin According wasassociated with higher social and economic status Haggerty p andblack inhabitants A dominant social majorindustrialists and resort owners This interlocking elite which is families related by blood and marriage They have and rice and coffee and cacao on trade andfinance the bottom having almost nothing the United States and thefirst steps from sources other than the ruling a largeportion of the nation's wealth The middle class anarchy p Bosch points out that people of the middle because working is not for the country was convulsed innear chaos and Bosch Gavino theleader of the Partido Revolucionario Dominicana of previous foreign interventions after theRepublic first became independent th th and th centuries by the French and Szulc noted that the nation had been shattered by and moderate and his Reformista PR party At firstunder Balaguer high unemployment and highinflation which reached per Haggertysaid that from the perspective of the made in land reform andexpenditures on declined to two percent in pp In per capita income the thanniversary of Columbus' arrival It had exists and isgrowing p In the presidential Illiteracy among adults is still high of low-incomehousing exists and Gaffney says that France and Spain in have been poor Wiarda The Dominicans still talkof the Haitian whom worked ascane cutters in the sugar fields In Trujillo's entered as political refugees since Griffin p Conditions largely without floors electricity and running Torricelli called for arevision of which Griffin sayswas executed in an p The Dominican government has been andhumiliation Gaffney p Tensions between Haiti and the Republic have a society in which male dominance machismo child support or alimony Men in the middle and upper have been afforded increased opportunities to work outside the and without benefits Anderson p They enjoy espionage apparatus torture chambers andmurder factories Wiarda p in the late s and early s led to demonstration against plans to celebrate the openstyle It was common knowledge during the Balaguer period that by the Organization for American has had many constitutions The Constitutionof for example guaranteed all chances for success in a division a division between a fewindividuals national weaknesses of monumentalproportions p The Dominicans among most better and perhaps the gradualmodernization of the economy and Some commentators such as Wiarda say that dance the merengue One sign that things are art critics Cotter p C Conclusion The society America pp Bosch J The unfinished experiment New Dominican Republic London Europa Publications pp Gaffney J May Race D C Library of Congress pp xvii-xxv February Dominicans and the wall ETHNICITY GENDER AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC This tensions have uniquely bedeviled relations between the dominantmulatto rights have been largely ignored and are emerging the island which he named Espanola Hispaniola which today comprises the Old and New World society have however been ofEuropean primarily or Tainos and Caribe indians were stamped out by the white and percent black in Haggerty p Wiarda p The blacks camedirectly ingredients The largest unassimilated minority is the creole and black citiesof Santo Domingo the capital and Santiago de los Catholicism Race Relations and Social Structure Racial discrimination and other Europeans intermarriedwith blacks Most of the Republic's political Dominican Republic has always sufferedfrom a rigid hierarchical social awarded royalgrants or encomiendas control over large tracts coffee cacoa and tobacco plantations andmerchants to country Former U S Ambassador Martin described them as hundred years Their fortunes are based on land sugar tobacco lighter-skinned elements at thetop enjoying most of the wealth to higher levels of education exposure to othercultures classes the civil service and a group offamilies which were which Martin summarized as civil war bloodshed betrayal corruption government sea oftribulations p He also said that a unifying force in society p Racial as to whether the Republicwas in fact headed Santo Domingo and associated itself with a corrupt andreactionary the occupation by the U S Marines as slavery kneels Martin p Nevertheless dominated since and until hisrecent retirement at the age of sugarprices and the loss of sugar markets and rising period and into the s the lotof the average for most Dominicans p Some s Even though the last Balaguer percent Running dry p Old The sharp contrast between rich and poor was dramatized Racial tensions have mounted under Gomez who is of Haitian origin Echevarria says the people attend secondary school Europa YearBook p the Republic and the authorities inHaiti ever traditions and tend to look down on In the twentieth century Haitianimmigrants entered even more poorly than the Dominicaneconomy larger numbers of which are run by the Dominican malnourished Haitian children were held under guard in June wasto deport all Haitians had been littleimprovement in the treatment of Most Haitians in the Republic have become be said about the lot p Divorce from civilmarriages and free unions play an importantrole in generating income on family farms foreign investment established by Balaguer however they generally work the Trujillo regime which was a the secret police to surveil hisopponents rights leader Rafael Efrain Ortiz was York-educated lawyer Leonel Fernandez who has process in the elections led to a was won by Fernandez by a jeopardy Wiarda p The press has generally been appalling poverty Reid says that the Republic is a product to survive whatever adversitiesbreak over their heads infelices we are unlucky and engage in ironic commentaries nationhas a long way to go before it other Latin American nations pp and In theSpanish Institute in New York City including its tragic history of repressionand economic exploitation References Anderson G V September Racism foreign money dominate'clean' sight cane cutters inthe DR America pp Haggerty in no hurry January Economist pp Reid A York Delacorte Press Wiarda H J The Dominican Republic New peoples have played animportant role in significant because of thedominance of machismo culture the post-Trujillo period Ethnic and Racial Composition Ever since Columbus was situated for many centuries at of its proximity to thePanama Canal and Fidel Castro's Cuba century to provide cheap labor forthe sugar cane plantations population of the Dominican Republic is about seven of French English Jewsfrom Europe Italians Lebanese and other society through intermarriage and blood creating ablend which Dominicans call and or are crowded into the unassimilated minorities Spanish is the common language More than percent does not exist as suchin to Haggerty upward migrationwas possible for the dark-skinned person The social structure of the Republic dates back to the class primarily white or light-skinned has evolved over time from linkedby close ties of family kinship and the godparent ruled theRepublic furnished its Presidents and generals its p Wiarda said Dominican social structure remainsin many p A middle class has emerged in the toward the modernization of the economy It families Itsdevelopment was significantly retarded during had little room for growthin a nation ruled by most class which emerged fromthe Trujillo era were son of adistinguished family pp was on the brink of civil war leading PRD U S Senator WilliamFulbright said on April that as Spanish Haiti in the repressiveand brutal Haitian occupation of theBritish The Dominican national anthem contains the the brutal Trujillo dictatorship andcould and later PRD Presidents economic progress cent per annum in Haggerty late s there appeared littleprospect for social services were increased Persistent outages ofelectricity and rising andGDP growth increased to percent in GDP growth in the in the Republicwas only among the lowest in the to be surrounded by a wall ofshame' to prevent elections Balaguer refused tosupport the candidacy of percent in health access is percent of the population lacksadequate nutrition Anderson p Gaffney p says that Dominicans are fond of pointing invasions of the nineteenth century and of the forces murdered anestimated Haitians along the border Haggerty p for these workers in the water After William O'Neil consultant to theNational Coalition Dominican sugar quotas and a reduction in American aid Griffin abrupt and harsh manner p In July the censured by the UnitedNations Commission on Human Rights eased since theAmericans restored Jean-Bertrand Aristide andthe relegation of women to a subordinate economic status classesoften keep mistresses The old Spanish tradition that nice homeas domestics in the growing tourism industry and in the the right to vote Human Rights For all practical purposes Martin p Official violence has greatly declined periodic policecrackdowns Europa Yearbook says thanniversary of Columbus' arrival p These demonstrations continuedthrough the resultsof most presidential elections were States andthe Catholic Church in citizensthe right to due process public trial the right countrywith a history of fixed elections with the ruthlessness to aspire to power and the cheerful and gentle people in theworld according higher educational levels will eventuallybring political maturity and it is difficult to determine a distinctive Dominican changing is the recent exhibition ofthe paintings and culture of the Dominican Republic is York Praeger Cotter H June A and politics where America began and Martin J B Overtaken by ofshame Nation pp Running dry research paper discusses ethnicity gender and human majority and blacks especially those of Haitian as a significantissue as the Republic begins to modernize the DominicanRepublic it has been subjected In the th century it has been ofstrategic Spanish and Afro-Caribbean the descendants of Spanish by the early th century through killings malnutrition xxviii The great majority ofthe whites or indirectly from Africa as slaves Haitians whoinhabit the area along the border with Haiti Caballeros Theytotalled in about Haggerty p The of the type encountered into societies leaders have had some mixedblood and some such as the structure in which lighter skin of land and the indian the modern economic and social elite which now includes follows The oligarchy consists of perhaps a scoreof rum on cattle and rum and power and the many dark-colored peopleat primarily as a result of migration the army whichwas largely drawn beholden to him He and his cronies controlled by assassination coups and counter-coups plots andcounter-plots chaos and the Spanish heritage hadlargely disabled them and Social Divide Post-Trujillo After Trujillo was assassinated in the toward a left-wing regime under Juan military oligarchy Bosch p ix Dominicans have longand unpleasant memories well as sporadicinterventions in the even sympathetic foreign observers such as by Ricardo Joaquin Balaguer a formerTrujillo protege fuel prices coupled withimprovident government fiscal policies produced Dominican did not improve to any measurable extent but very little progress was administration gained somecontrol over its finances inflation man pp and EuropaYear Book by Balaguer'sconstruction of a million lighthouse to celebrate thestimulus of extreme poverty Gaffney said that racism that race mayexplain why p Anderson says that an acute shortage since the island was divided between what theyconsider the primitive and uncivilized Haitians the country in large numbers most of Haitian laborers have emigrated to the Republic Another have government are verypoor They live in primitive shacks bateys appallingsanitary conditions U S Congressman Robert under the age of or over Haitians on the plantations Griffin a permanentlysegregated underclass to whom are offered only servility squalor of women in the Republic exceptthat they are submerged in is permissible but the women generally get onlythe house no which gives them some leverage Females for lower wages than men true modern totalitarianstate complete with racism Frequent strikes and public protests against rising prices andelectricity shortages shot dead by thepolice during a promised to govern in an Pact forDemocracy which was mediated marginof two percent was reasonably honest The Dominican Republic free since The difficulty isthat political freedom has only limited ofits history one that implies a deep p Bosch said that the Dominicanpeople have been victimized by on the sad state of theiraffairs called chisme They deserve can be called a civilized society Other Aspects of Culture the arts the society is best known internationally for its Jose Garcia Cordero's BoatPeople IV which drew good reviews from November Darkness in the Dominican Republic Dominican elections Hispanic pp Europa Year Book Volume I R A Ed Dominican Republic and Haiti countrystudies Washington February Waiting for Columbus New Yorker pp Rosenfeld M J York Praeger shaping its social political and economic institutions Racial but women have a degree of economic power Human landed in on the eastern half of the crossroads of important traderoutes between The most important influences on thedevelopment of Dominican culture and origin The original inhabitants the Arowak and ahalf million roughly percent of whom are mulatto percent Arabs Chinese and Japanese and more recently North Americans sancocho a local dish with many shanty towns of the major of Dominicans share a common religion Roman the Dominican Republic The Spanish who acquired education and wealth p Nevertheless the Spanishcolonial era in which white soldiers and early settlers were the early colonos or hacenderos whoowned the large sugar cane compadrazgo system largely controls the finance and business for more than a respects semi-feudal with a few Dominican Republic in recentdecades in response is centered in theprofessional and merchant the rule of dictator RafaelLeonidas Trujillo Trujillo gathered around him of its history by military strongmen caudillos unstable disenchanted and submerged in a Wiarda described the middle classas divided and fragmented and not to the Americanmilitary intervention in Opinions differ the United States turned its back onsocial revolution in re-annexation by Spain in and refrain No nation hasits freedom earned if it in servile not achieve stability p Dominican politics have been was made but after the late s falling p Old man p During this major improvement in the quality of life food and fuel prices occurred in the late s andearly period percent only slightly outpaced the growth in the population hemisphere Europa Year Book p foreign tourists from seeing the surrounding urbansqualor Rosenfeld p the former mayor of Santo Domingo Jose FranciscoPena poor a physician-patient ratioand only percent of Haitian Problem Historically relations between tothe poverty of their European barbarism andcruelty of the invaders p As the Haitian economy performed cane fields andrefineries most of for Haitian Refugees told the U S Congress in that April pp Balaguer's reaction in U S Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights said there for its treatment of the Haitians Reid p to power in Haiti Gender Not much can is commonplace Haggerty pp Wiarda girls shouldretain their virginity until marriage continues Women apparel factoriesin the tax-free zones for basic human rights all but ceased toexist during in recent decades but Balaguermade extensive if subtler use of that in late September aDominican human Tensions have eased since the election in of a New fixed Public protests in the Republicand abroad against that the Republic Most international observers thoughtthat the presidential election which of habeas corpus theright against self-incrimination and against double a strong secret police corruption nepotism and domination and a quiescent people who have learned to observers like Wiarda and Martin say somos greater respect for human rights Their culture and that literary and artisticlife lagged behind that of of Dominican artists at the Americas Society and graduallyemerging in more civilized form despite Caribbean take on modern styles NewYork Times p C Echevarria America pp Griffin R November Hidden from events Garden City Doubleday Old man February Economist p Szulc T Dominican diary New rights inthe Dominican Republic The ethnic origins of its origin Gender conflicts have not been especially and to strive for greaterpolitical maturity and social justice during to a variety of foreign influences Theisland importance to the United States because slavesbrought from there after the early th and disease Little vestige of them remains The current came from Spain with minor infusions All of these groups haveblended into Dominican make up most of the sugarcane cutters Dominican Republic has therefore been fortunate in not havinglarge withlarge racial minorities such as the United States dictator Ulises Heureaux havebeen primarily of African origin According wasassociated with higher social and economic status Haggerty p andblack inhabitants A dominant social majorindustrialists and resort owners This interlocking elite which is families related by blood and marriage They have and rice and coffee and cacao on trade andfinance the bottom having almost nothing the United States and thefirst steps from sources other than the ruling a largeportion of the nation's wealth The middle class anarchy p Bosch points out that people of the middle because working is not for the country was convulsed innear chaos and Bosch Gavino theleader of the Partido Revolucionario Dominicana of previous foreign interventions after theRepublic first became independent th th and th centuries by the French and Szulc noted that the nation had been shattered by and moderate and his Reformista PR party At firstunder Balaguer high unemployment and highinflation which reached per Haggertysaid that from the perspective of the made in land reform andexpenditures on declined to two percent in pp In per capita income the thanniversary of Columbus' arrival It had exists and isgrowing p In the presidential Illiteracy among adults is still high of low-incomehousing exists and Gaffney says that France and Spain in have been poor Wiarda The Dominicans still talkof the Haitian whom worked ascane cutters in the sugar fields In Trujillo's entered as political refugees since Griffin p Conditions largely without floors electricity and running Torricelli called for arevision of which Griffin sayswas executed in an p The Dominican government has been andhumiliation Gaffney p Tensions between Haiti and the Republic have a society in which male dominance machismo child support or alimony Men in the middle and upper have been afforded increased opportunities to work outside the and without benefits Anderson p They enjoy espionage apparatus torture chambers andmurder factories Wiarda p in the late s and early s led to demonstration against plans to celebrate the openstyle It was common knowledge during the Balaguer period that by the Organization for American has had many constitutions The Constitutionof for example guaranteed all chances for success in a division a division between a fewindividuals national weaknesses of monumentalproportions p The Dominicans among most better and perhaps the gradualmodernization of the economy and Some commentators such as Wiarda say that dance the merengue One sign that things are art critics Cotter p C Conclusion The society America pp Bosch J The unfinished experiment New Dominican Republic London Europa Publications pp Gaffney J May Race D C Library of Congress pp xvii-xxv February Dominicans and the wall If this paper is not what you are looking for, 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