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Essay Subject: Archeological analysis of cross-cultural influences of peoples crossing between Siberia & Alaska over land or sea. Evidence, theories, examples.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Archeological analysis of cross-cultural influences of peoples crossing between Siberia & Alaska over land or sea. Evidence, theories, examples. Paper Introduction: The earliest human beings to enter the American continent crossed the Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska at various times between 11,000 and 40,000 years ago. They were stone-age hunters who followed herds of large animals across the bridge and, eventually, down into North and South America. Because, after 11,000 BP (years before the present), the level of the Bering Sea rose and cut off this means of access, the American continents have sometimes been called "a laboratory for modern man" (Farb 3). The people who moved into these new territories brought their culture with them. But, their material culture was extremely limited, as with most migratory stone-age peoples, and any material objects made of organic materials have long since vanished, leaving primarily a few bone tools and the technological tradition of spear points as their only legacy. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. large animals across the bridge and for modernman Farb The people materials have long since vanished andthose of Asia is the relatively low level of cultures separately from the Asian originals After Asia though somecontacts with Europe have also ago The subcontinent of Beringia is now sea level as recently as years ago Bering what is now Alaska Canada and thenortheastern took placein several different time periods Archaeologists have no certainty factors The migrations took place over thousands of the first arrivalscan be narrowed by considering the development Snow But the concept of a coastline all the way around the archbetween Asia and America held that the population inSiberia was not sufficient to provide farther south of Siberia and the possibility of emigrationfrom were the staging areafrom which groups of Asiatic that while the closest genetic links forNative Americans Eskimo groups inSiberia Greenland and other arose in Alaska about years ago at a Scytho-Siberian artstyle and other art objects as well as hunting technology and began the transformation ofAlaskan came from Siberia but did not influence the majorityof influence on theculture of the withinthe past seven thousand years linguistic still are the separation of language groups in the Vlahos In addition because the dispersal The originalemigrants from Asia were following animals such Americas is testified to by thelocation of Pleistocene This accounts for the fact that theearliest time the eastern part of the present-day with passage to the east probablyaccount for the hunting technology The location of a new spear tip the flutedprojectile point has of eastern Beringia around thistime from the more southern regions the Americas long antedated the rise to fit the patterns that validity as archaeological sites Dixon America wascolonized by BP and that Pleistocene humans derived from the study of the crossings of the Pleistocene Epoch millions ofpeople in over linguistically if only the arrivals across the Bering land early as years ago when two hemispheres by way of the Bering Strait most interesting examples of suchhypothesized contact is pottery in the Americas Archaeologists pointed outnumerous parallels strayed ashore in Ecuador years direction of ocean currents thelocations of japan and Ecuador the parallels was found at the same Valdivian sites Jett Yet pottery Jomon Japan couldstill represent an early contributor number of hypotheses concern cases of possible Chineseinfluence tools from a process that originated in China around traits are sharedby the process and tools in supposed influence may have worked bothways so that by BC come from the Holocene period to be discovered on islands far possibility arisesthat America was inhabited by arrivals from News Jul Dixon E James Quest the Coming of the Industrial State New Ed Jesse D Jennings San Francisco W H Zubrow Margaret C Fritz and John M Fritz San Siberia and Alaska at various times between the Bering Sea rose and cut off this means of with most migratory stone-age peoples as their onlylegacy The primary the twocontinents and new arrivals crossing the bridge of other continents The few possible exceptions with other cultures until the of the Bering andChukchi Seas is dated at around BP The Pleistocene ended asthe great the Pleistocene Beringia had appeared andresubmerged Thus the passage Americas but the range ofpossibilities can be many groups followed earlier migrants who were already wellestablished when ago andno remains of biologically primitive the continents while in fact by human beings until after variants of Homo sapiens have been The most recent theory states that the lower AmurRiver basin Mongoloids spread tothe Asian northeast in much more recent periods The Eskimos much more recent migrants are genetically recent migrations of Siberian Asians links to Asia Their exquisite nearby coastal Asia or the islands around of the land bridge involved place over extended periodsof time offers further proof ofthis As Vlahos noted if the first Instead the separations among the variouslanguages are older than distinctions as the Indo-European language group flow of culture was eventually reversed The best understoodreversal mastodon woollyrhinoceros and giant ground sloth Snow The very early through the glacial ice of theeast had to wait until a passage opened through found as far south as the with the eastern NativeAmericans As the groups spread throughout had been established in the interior of North America At laterexamples spread out toward the north There are similarities technological adaptations to differentecological and points do not occur in Asia Dixon to be found Sites of much greater antiquity been reliably reported and may withstand in Pennsylvania BP areverified then arrivals wouldhave to pushed back farther than anyone the continents were widely inhabited Americas The relationshipbetween the cultures of the Americas and onthe civilization and art of Precolumbian America lies with nothing to suggest significant diffusion such random events very few havecome close to influence At the time of thediscovery in the s Since no other examples ofpottery preceded them they proposed very strong technical and stylistic parallels between to validate the initial hypothesis But archaeology hasmoved rapidly in though Japanese influence cannot be accepted as thesource are just astantalizing But few of them in China andtentatively dated from case archaeologists recognize individual traits thatcharacterize ofPrecolumbian Olmec art and Shang backthem up But the most interesting parallels for studying themigrations in the north It Pleistocene-era humans from Micronesia were capable of making open North Alaska Handbook of North American Indians Vol Rise to Civilization as Shown by the D Jennings San Francisco W H World Archaeology Theoretical and Cultural New York Viking Vlahos Olivia New World Beginnings Indian The earliest human beings to eventually down into Northand South America Because after who moved into these new territories broughttheir culture with them leaving primarily a fewbone tools and genetic similarity betweencontemporary Native Americans BP human beings in the Americas been raised as possibilities But withthese few possible exceptions mostly under feet of water But The end of the Pleistocene United States receded As the about when the first humans crossedthe bridge years and under varyingconditions It is understood from the of the species Biologically modern Homo bridge may mislead people intothinking that the migrations must Francis Jennings Earlier dates for humanmigration across Beringia a sizable migrating population untilas recently as the Pekin area toward Beringia Mongoloids spread to the American continentsin remote antiquity are to Siberian tribesmen the blood groups of today'scentral locations The Eskimos are thought by manyarchaeologists to have the beginning of the Christian Era in Europe Thus it their hunting and housingtechnology display cultures to their modern stage Native Americans who had long been in residence throughout Americas via Beringia was extremely limited The numberof scholars would be able to tracetheir Americas where many major language groups of people over the entire lengthand breadth of the Americas as the horse camel reindeer Pleistocene sites Some scientists believe that the southwardmigration of sites are found in the United States was verydifferent from what it is today with differences in the levels of civilization reached by theresidents of variant on spear points inNew been discovered and reliably dated Dixon These samples But although possibly sharing a common spread to the northuntil it reached eastern Beringia of highercivilizations in Precolumbian America Yet the story is scientists have theorizedfrom the existing If such sitesas for example Monte Verde in Chile entered the easternUnited States by BP Bering Straitland bridge clearly indicate why by the time distinct groups and civilizations ofgreat bridge areconsidered Therefore the greatest human civilizations on both continents had reached a much higher anypossible contacts must have been the discovery of pottery in Ecuador between the techniques decoration and forms of ago andintroduced pottery making to the absence of earlier pottery and theability of Japanese deep-sea fishermen the parallels remain so strikingly to Precolumbian pottery Jett There are on South American civilizations Peanuts indigenous to theAmericas have been BP have been discovered in Mesoamerica and dated Southeast Asia and Mesoamerica Jett Much the Olmec culture was influencing China as well Jett All Dixon reports thatthe study of Pleistocene Epoch migrations to throughout out into the Pacific Now theearly the south as well as across for the Origins of the First York Dutton Jennings Francis The Founders of America New York Freeman Meggers Betty J and Francisco W H Freeman Snow Dean and years ago They were stone-age hunters who followedherds of access theAmerican continents have sometimes been called a laboratory and any material objectsmade of organic surviving link between the peoples of the Americas met groups that hadalready begun developing to thisisolation were principally transoceanic contacts with first European settlementin Greenland approximately years show that Beringia was above glaciers that covered most of of human beings across this area narrowed considerably by considering several they arrived The possible dates for humans have ever been found in theAmericas the original routescould have been very close to the BP Evenmore recent estimates by Soviet scientists found in the Pekincaves much and coastal areas far south of Siberia Francis Jennings This theory accounts for the fact distinct fromNative Americans and much more closely linked to the across the frozen BeringStrait Anderson The Ipiutak culture only animal and anthropomorphic figures in Bering Strait added new sea mammal only the muchlater arrivals who and in successive waves of new arrivals Asian arrivals had gotten to America among the Indo-European languages Far older is different from the languages of Asia occurred in the area of hunting technology dispersal ofsuch stone-age hunters throughout the Canada was not open untilthe very end of the Canada around BP Until that Blue Ridge Mountains of Appalachia Jesse D Jennings Such problems western North America they refinedtheir thesesites in the American southwest a new type of between thespear points found in the subarctic regions environmental conditions Dixon This uniquelyAmerican technology Thus the culturalseparation of Asia and have beendiscovered and they fail rigoroustesting of the scientific criteria required to establish Pleistoceneantiquity and it would be necessary to conclude that South previously thought possible The data From the firsttrickles of migratory hunters in the late those of Asia is therefore extremely limited the randomtransoceanic contacts that took place perhaps as between thehigh cultures of the being proved One of the this pottery from the Valdivia culture was theoldest datable that a boatload of inadvertentvoyagers from Japan theJapanese and American pottery the the last few decades and pre-Valdivian pottery withoutJomon via Valdivia of all South American have been as convincing as the Valdiviacase The greatest BP to BP In another example bark-cloth manufacturing bark-cloth and paper making and of these dynasty works from China Comparisonshave even demonstrated that this interesting possibility of non-Beringian Asian accessto the Americas does not was only in the s that Pleistocenesites began water crossings asearly as years ago Dixon Thus the Washington DC Smithsonian Bering Land Bridge Science Indians of North America from Primeval Times to Freeman Jett Stephen C Precolumbian Transoceanic Contacts Ancient North Americans Transformations Ed Ezra B W Cultures in the Americas New York Viking enter the American continent crossed theBering land bridge between BP years before the present the level of But their material culture was extremelylimited as the technological tradition of spear points and Siberian tribesmen Distinctively American cultures developed throughout were cut off from contactwith the cultures the inhabitants of the Americas had nosignificant contact the most recent sample cores taken from the floor Epoch and beginningof the Holocene glaciers had repeatedly risenand melted throughout and began to move throughout the dating of various artifacts andcampsites that sapiens emerged only about years have occurred over what is now theshortest point between were rejected largely because northeasternSiberia was not even populated BP Francis Jennings But specimens of Erectusand Neanderthal must therefore not be overlooked Jesse D Jennings and from which groups of Asiatic Asians differ markedly from those of today's American Indians Vlahos developed from the Ipiutak culture which resultedfrom very isthe Ipiutaks whose culture displayed the closest this influence Anderson After AD subsequentmigrations from Anderson Thus Asianinfluences after the closing the twocontinents Since emigration toward the Americas took completely distinct languages in the Americas word connections the resemblances in sounds and meanings andlanguage structure are as distinct from each other took place long before Beringia disappeared the and Ice Age species like the mammoth the earliest immigrants followed the western coastline because the passageway south and west while emigration to subarctic creatures such as thearctic hare Mesoamerica and South America compared Mexico and Texas indicates that by BP a separate technologicaltradition are the earliest cases of the fluted spear point and technological origin eachreflects different environmental and but it stopped there and flutedprojectile never really finished because other evidencecontinues evidence Though many such sites are still beingverified some have BP Pedra Furada in Brazil BP and Meadowcroft Rock Shelter Thus the entry of the first Columbus reached the Americas years ago complexity had arisen everywhere in the possibility for a direct influence levelthan that of the late Pleistocene Since there is transoceanic Jett Though therehave been numerous attempts to identify dating from BP and displaying possible Japanese potteryfrom Jomon-era Japan and the Valdivia pieces continent Meggers and Evans Inaddition to the to sustain themselves on longvoyages tended strong that the idea cannot be dismissedaltogether Even many other indications of possible contact that found at two archaeological sites at around BP In this more recent Chinese influences have been suspected in comparisons of these hypotheses however have little proof to Austronesia Australia and Polynesia provides dates of the settlement of distant islands indicates that theBering land bridge WORKS CITEDAnderson Douglas D Prehistory of Americans Albuquerque U of New Mexico P Farb Peter Man's Norton Jennings Jesse D Origins Ancient North Americans Ed Jesse Clifford Evans A Transpacific Contact in B C New The Archaeology of North America large animals across the bridge and for modernman Farb The people materials have long since vanished andthose of Asia is the relatively low level of cultures separately from the Asian originals After Asia though somecontacts with Europe have also ago The subcontinent of Beringia is now sea level as recently as years ago Bering what is now Alaska Canada and thenortheastern took placein several different time periods Archaeologists have no certainty factors The migrations took place over thousands of the first arrivalscan be narrowed by considering the development Snow But the concept of a coastline all the way around the archbetween Asia and America held that the population inSiberia was not sufficient to provide farther south of Siberia and the possibility of emigrationfrom were the staging areafrom which groups of Asiatic that while the closest genetic links forNative Americans Eskimo groups inSiberia Greenland and other arose in Alaska about years ago at a Scytho-Siberian artstyle and other art objects as well as hunting technology and began the transformation ofAlaskan came from Siberia but did not influence the majorityof influence on theculture of the withinthe past seven thousand years linguistic still are the separation of language groups in the Vlahos In addition because the dispersal The originalemigrants from Asia were following animals such Americas is testified to by thelocation of Pleistocene This accounts for the fact that theearliest time the eastern part of the present-day with passage to the east probablyaccount for the hunting technology The location of a new spear tip the flutedprojectile point has of eastern Beringia around thistime from the more southern regions the Americas long antedated the rise to fit the patterns that validity as archaeological sites Dixon America wascolonized by BP and that Pleistocene humans derived from the study of the crossings of the Pleistocene Epoch millions ofpeople in over linguistically if only the arrivals across the Bering land early as years ago when two hemispheres by way of the Bering Strait most interesting examples of suchhypothesized contact is pottery in the Americas Archaeologists pointed outnumerous parallels strayed ashore in Ecuador years direction of ocean currents thelocations of japan and Ecuador the parallels was found at the same Valdivian sites Jett Yet pottery Jomon Japan couldstill represent an early contributor number of hypotheses concern cases of possible Chineseinfluence tools from a process that originated in China around traits are sharedby the process and tools in supposed influence may have worked bothways so that by BC come from the Holocene period to be discovered on islands far possibility arisesthat America was inhabited by arrivals from News Jul Dixon E James Quest the Coming of the Industrial State New Ed Jesse D Jennings San Francisco W H Zubrow Margaret C Fritz and John M Fritz San Siberia and Alaska at various times between the Bering Sea rose and cut off this means of with most migratory stone-age peoples as their onlylegacy The primary the twocontinents and new arrivals crossing the bridge of other continents The few possible exceptions with other cultures until the of the Bering andChukchi Seas is dated at around BP The Pleistocene ended asthe great the Pleistocene Beringia had appeared andresubmerged Thus the passage Americas but the range ofpossibilities can be many groups followed earlier migrants who were already wellestablished when ago andno remains of biologically primitive the continents while in fact by human beings until after variants of Homo sapiens have been The most recent theory states that the lower AmurRiver basin Mongoloids spread tothe Asian northeast in much more recent periods The Eskimos much more recent migrants are genetically recent migrations of Siberian Asians links to Asia Their exquisite nearby coastal Asia or the islands around of the land bridge involved place over extended periodsof time offers further proof ofthis As Vlahos noted if the first Instead the separations among the variouslanguages are older than distinctions as the Indo-European language group flow of culture was eventually reversed The best understoodreversal mastodon woollyrhinoceros and giant ground sloth Snow The very early through the glacial ice of theeast had to wait until a passage opened through found as far south as the with the eastern NativeAmericans As the groups spread throughout had been established in the interior of North America At laterexamples spread out toward the north There are similarities technological adaptations to differentecological and points do not occur in Asia Dixon to be found Sites of much greater antiquity been reliably reported and may withstand in Pennsylvania BP areverified then arrivals wouldhave to pushed back farther than anyone the continents were widely inhabited Americas The relationshipbetween the cultures of the Americas and onthe civilization and art of Precolumbian America lies with nothing to suggest significant diffusion such random events very few havecome close to influence At the time of thediscovery in the s Since no other examples ofpottery preceded them they proposed very strong technical and stylistic parallels between to validate the initial hypothesis But archaeology hasmoved rapidly in though Japanese influence cannot be accepted as thesource are just astantalizing But few of them in China andtentatively dated from case archaeologists recognize individual traits thatcharacterize ofPrecolumbian Olmec art and Shang backthem up But the most interesting parallels for studying themigrations in the north It Pleistocene-era humans from Micronesia were capable of making open North Alaska Handbook of North American Indians Vol Rise to Civilization as Shown by the D Jennings San Francisco W H World Archaeology Theoretical and Cultural New York Viking Vlahos Olivia New World Beginnings Indian If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.