DOMINICAN REPUBLIC & HAITI.   Term Paper ID:21494 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: History of relations & conflicts among two nations & U.S. & discrimination against Haitians in Dominican Republic.... More...

10 Pages / 2250 Words 15 sources, 32 Citations, APA Format $40.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: History of relations & conflicts among two nations & U.S. & discrimination against Haitians in Dominican Republic. Paper Introduction: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HAITIANS AND DOMINICANS WITHIN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Introduction This research examines the conflict between Haitians and Dominicans within the Dominican Republic. The nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic jointly occupy the island of Hispanola in the Caribbean. Because Haiti is an even poorer (economically) country than is the Dominican Republic, the migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic tends to be much heavier than the reverse migration from the Dominican Republic to Haiti. As a consequence of the migration, a substantial population of Haitians resides and works within the Dominican Republic. Economic migration of this sort is frequently associated with conflict b Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. There are noindications that such bias will end in the foreseeable future. (1994, 3 May). Thebitterly repressive rule of Trujillo lasted until 1961. M. Thus, bias againstHaitianos in the Dominican Republic is in effect bias against people withblack skins by the Dominicans whose skin is largely light brown in color. Haitians living in the Dominican Republic are comprised of thoseHaitians who illegally immigrated from Haiti and people born within theDominican Republic of illegal Haitian parents (Gaffney, 1994, p. 11). Washington: U.S. . 421). A succession ofineffective civilian governments was followed by the election of a formermilitary commander, Joaquin Balaguer (Wiarda, 1991, p. Nationalism in the Dominican Republic "often simply meansaccentuating ethnic and economic contrasts with neighboring Haiti (French,1994, p. Weil, Thomas E. (3rd ed.). . References Fagg, J. (1991). 11). 42 ; Fagg, 1985, p. Mexico City: Editorial Diogenes. Gaffney, James. Racial and Ethnic Bias Against Haitians in the Dominican Republic The reasons for the hostile attitude of Dominicans toward Haitianimmigrants are numerous and complicated. This move resulted in a takeover of the Dominicangovernment by the Dominican army. Thus, the CarterAdministration's human rights policy permitted the United States governmentto lose an election in the Dominican Republic for the first time indecades. and subject to military law" (Wells, 1992, p.797). (1991). The Dominicans far from disclaiming themassacre claim to have killed 18, Haitians while the Haitians claim thanonly 12, persons were killed. El experimento Dominicano. On the ground in the Dominican Republic, the American militarycommander officially declared that the Dominican Republic was "in a stateof military occupation . (1994, 14 April). Wiarda, Howard J. The native peoples of the island were replaced by the Spanish andby the Africans brought along by the Spanish. President Kennedy of the United Statessupported the military government until such time as it refused to accepthis terms, at which time he ordered all military and economic aid to thecountry stopped (Gutierrez, 1989, p. The most popular way of discrediting public figures in the DominicanRepublic is to brand them as being of Haitian origin (French, 1994, p. economic interests" (Wheaton, 1984, 422-423). (13 th ed.). This action caused Spain to againseize the Dominican side of the island and to rule the Dominican sideintermittently and alternatively with local republics from 18 3 through1821. These two Cabinet positions were immediately entrustedto officers of the Marine Corps" (Wells, 1992, p. In Cross, D. ed.). The Dominican people 185 -19 . (Rvsd. Ethnocentrism is a tendency to judge other people or groups by thestandards and practices of one's own culture or ethnic group, and, as aconsequence, to view people from outside one's own culture with disfavor,and to regard one's own culture, race, or ethnic group as inherentlysuperior to all others (Griffin, 1993, p. Aid from both the AmericanDepartment of Defense, and the American Central Intelligence Agencycontinued; however, and D. programs designed to stabilizepolitical unrest and expand U. In his proclamation, President Wilson "informed theDominican congress that he would recognize no president who was notsympathetic to the customs controls and a constabulary directed by theAmericans" (Fagg, 1985, p. As a result, Balaguer and the military permitted the newgovernment to assume power--after it had changed some voting results tomaintain control of the Dominican senate and after it had implemented somenew laws that were binding on the new government. E., Baker, G. . (Ed.). ed.). Trilateralism and the Caribbean. National Catholic Reporter, 8. In19 , "foreign interests, particularly the United States, moved in to . (4th prntg.). The North American financial crisis of 1893 had serious reverberations inthe Dominican Republic (Hoetink, 1992, p. S. Martin's Press. 139). (199 , 27 April). In 1844, the Dominicans were able to expel theHaitians, at which time the Dominican Republic was founded. Republica Dominicana: Clases, crisis, comandos. . 797-798). Wheaton, L. R. The western half of theisland (the present day Haiti) was ceded to France in 1697, and the easternhalf (the present day Dominican Republic) was ceded to France in 1795. 8). In Sklar, Holly. New York: The Free Press, 33-42. Differences in dominant racial and ethniccharacteristics between Haitians and Dominicans contribute to the conflictbetween the two groups within the Dominican Republic. French, Howard W. New York Times, A4. The most serious incident between Haiti and the Dominican Republic tooccur in the twentieth century was a massacre of Haitians by the Dominicanarmy in 1937 (Weil, 1985, p. Discrimination against Haitians living in the Dominican Republic isnot unlike discrimination against black skinned people in many societiesaround the world. . (Rvsd. New York times, A4. A4). Wells, S. General Rafael Trujillo, commander of the American supported NationalGuard in the Dominican Republic, seized power from the elected president in1931 because of what Trujillo characterized as "excessive democratictendencies" exhibited by the president (Wheaton, 1984, p. (5th ed.). 154). The effort in 1994 by the United States to unseat the militarygovernment in Haiti has exacerbated the conflict between Haiti and theDominican Republic, as the Dominicans have agreed to support economicsanctions against Haiti (Kifner, 1994, p. business interests, were established" in the country (Wheaton, 1984,pp. Bias against Haitians is pervasive within the Dominican Republic in the199 s. Boston: South End Press, pp. America, 17 (18), 1 -12. S. 797). (Ed.). (1993). .control the economy" (Wheaton, 1984, p. 1 -12). 122). Summary This research examined the conflict between Haitians and Dominicanswithin the Dominican Republic. The result was a surprise toboth the Dominican and the American governments --the opposition won. TheBalaguer government and the military attempted to prevent the newgovernment from assuming power; however, the Carter Administration in theUnited States opposed these attempts on the basis of its human rightspolicy. Onesuch slum in Santo Domingo is referred to as Culo Prieto, or "Black Ass,"and resembles an African slum (Gaffney, 1994, p. The nations of Haiti and the DominicanRepublic jointly occupy the island of Hispanola in the Caribbean. Baltimore: The Johns-Hopkins University Press. Haitians living in Dominican cities far littlebetter. By 189 , the Dominican Republic's debtto foreign financial interests-- primarily North American--was substantial. Washington: U.S. Bias againstHaitians in the Dominican Republic is both real and brutal. Historical Conflicts Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic For most of its history, the country known in the twentieth century asthe Dominican Republic "has been a passive victim of forces from theoutside" (Fagg, 1985, p. In the 1994 presidential election in the Dominican Republic, PresidentBalaguer financed the publication of a book that described the candidacy ofhis opponent, Pena Gomez, as the fulfillment of a centuries old Haitianplot to reconquer the Dominican Republic (French, 1994, A4). The nations of Haiti and the DominicanRepublic jointly occupy the island of Hispanola in the Caribbean. Hunter, Brian. could not even speak the language of thecountry" (Wells, 1992, pp. 42 ). Social unrest had become so high in the late-197 s, that the Balaguergovernment held an election in May of 1978. wasappointed head of government" (Franco, 1991, 162-165). 12). Trilateralism. 154). Differences in dominant racial and ethniccharacteristics between Haitians and Dominicans contribute to the conflictbetween the two groups within the Dominican Republic. American domination of the Dominicans leads many Dominicans toturn on Haitians within their midst to find some way in which they canexert some degree of control over their society (Gaffney, 1994, pp. In 1916, the United States claimed that civil war had broken out inthe Dominican Republic and expressed a fear that Germany might becontemplating aggressive actions with respect the country (Wheaton, 1984,p. The initial victims were the native peoplesof the island which in the 199 s contains both the Dominican Republic andHaiti. Subsequent to 185 , the Dominican Republic remained a politicallyindependent state through 1889, with the exception of another Spanishoccupation from 1861 through 1863. In18 1, the Dominican side of the island was seized by Haiti (by that time anindependent country in its own right). Haitiano is a pejorative term in the Dominican Republic (Gaffney, 1994, p.11). (1984). Columbus claimed the island for Spain in 1492, and in 1496 the Spanishestablished to first city in the western hemisphere-- Santo Domingo, thepresent day capital of the Dominican Republic. Legendssurviving from the Haitian occupations of the Dominican Republic "have keptfears and racial animosity alive in the Dominican Republic (Weil, 1985, p.122). . (1991, 5 July). This support of sanctionshas aroused passions within the Dominican Republic against the Haitiansresiding within the Dominican Republic. As a result, President Wilson of the UnitedStates ordered the occupation of the Dominican Republic in 1916 (Hunter,1994, p. R. Government Printing Office, 127-16 . (1994, 21 May). In 1822, the Haitians once again seized the Dominican side of theisland, and this time the Haitians retained control of the Dominican sideof the island through 1844. Haitian immigration to theDominican Republic has increased in spite of the efforts by the Balaguergovernment to restrain and turn back the flow. Economicmigration of this sort is frequently associated with conflict betweenimmigrant and indigenous population groups. The American political, military, and economic occupation anddomination of the country remained in effect officially through 1924.Between 1924 and 193 , however, the American government created andcontrolled Dominican National Guard remained to "safeguard Americaninterests after formal military withdrawal" by American forces (Wheaton,1984, p. 42 -421). Furtherexacerbating the conflict between Haitians and Dominicans within theDominican Republic are historical animosities that exist between Haiti andthe Dominican Republic. In the cities, Haitians are concentrated in poor barrios. ed.). . The statesman's year-book. Sugar's bitter harvest. BecauseHaiti is an even poorer (economically) country than is the DominicanRepublic, the migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic tends to bemuch heavier than the reverse migration from the Dominican Republic toHaiti. Gutierrez, C. (Rvsd. New York times, A4. The role of the United States in the affairs of the Dominican Republicare directly related to the treatment of Haitian residents of the DominicanRepublic. 87). J. . 4 8-425. The combination of financial problems (resulting from non-development,a growing population, and fiscal mismanagement) and domestic politicalturbulence created a "state near anarchy" by 1899 (Fagg, 1985, p. Government Printing Office. Naboth's vineyard: The Dominican Republic 1844- 1934. Franco, F. A Dominican's 2 burdens: Haiti and Balaguer. Such conflict exists betweenthe Haitians and Dominicans within the Dominican Republic. . C., and Stiles, L. Many of these sugar can workersare Haitian children (Slavin, 1991, p. 11). In the sugar cane fields, Haitians "are housed in tiny cell-likebateyes, without minimal comforts or sanitation," and are 'obliged to buyfood in company stores that immediately devour their pitiful wages"(Gaffney, 1994, p. Teaching in a multicultural society. Haitian children treated as slaves in Dominican Republic. are by no meansunwanted" (Gaffney, 1994, p. Haiti: A country study. A4). Our common humanity. Ed.). Bosch received hissupport from the lower and middle classes in the country, and was favorablyviewed by the American government as a leader who would "help carry out theAlliance for Progress and other . (1994). Race and politics: Where America began. (Rvsd. 42 ). Cabral, "known as a CIA agent . J. Thelatter group are citizens of the Dominican Republic. 152). Even earlier--in the late-188 s, American economic intervention in the Dominican Republic had begun,"when individual commercial interests acquired land to participate in thesugar industry, the mainstay of the economy" (Wheaton, 1984, p. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HAITIANS AND DOMINICANS WITHIN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Introduction This research examines the conflict between Haitians and Dominicanswithin the Dominican Republic. Nevertheless, nodifferentiation is made between the two groups of Haitians in terms ofsocial bias against them within the Dominican Republic. As a consequence of the migration, a substantial population ofHaitians resides and works within the Dominican Republic. 421). The Haitian action also aroused animosities among the Dominicansthat remain alive in the 199 s. This same proclamation held that "Dominican citizens were ineligibleto hold the Portfolios of the Interior and of War and Marine in theDominican cabinet. The Haitians in the Dominican Republic"do work that even the poorest Dominican laborers reject for pay that doesnot match even the lowest Dominican wages" (Gaffney, 1994, p. . Bosch, however, moved to reform the Dominican constitution to increasethe rights of peasants, and to limit the power of foreign interests, and ofnational land owners. Slavin, J. Dominicans complainof the uncivilized behavior of Haitians in their midst. (1989). 43). Furtherexacerbating the conflict between Haitians and Dominicans within theDominican Republic are historical animosities that exist between Haiti andthe Dominican Republic. None of the American officersappointed to positions in the military government for the DominicanRepublic "had any knowledge or experience of Dominican affairs or problems,and the great majority . Economicmigration of this sort is frequently associated with conflict betweenimmigrant and indigenous population groups, and such conflict existsbetween the Haitians and Dominicans within the Dominican Republic. Kifner, John. 39). Within weeks of the American invasionof the Dominican Republic in 1916, "the Central Romana Sugar Refinery(under the Puerto Rico Sugar Company) and the Grenada Fruit Company, bothU. Dominican Republic: Government and politics. New York: St. Balaguer says he'll enforce curbs on Haiti. New York: Arno Press. A4). (1985). Haitian sugar cane workers in the Dominican Republic are treated asvirtual slave labor (French, 199 , p. 421). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. BecauseHaiti is an even poorer (economically) country than is the DominicanRepublic, the migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic tends to bemuch heavier than the reverse migration from the Dominican Republic toHaiti. Ethnocentrism has beendescribed as a feeling of difference between "my own kind" and "outsiders." Historically in the Dominican Republic ethnocentrism on the part of thepopulation majority has been manifested in racial, ethnic, and in aneconomic discrimination against Haitians living within the DominicanRepublic. 144). Griffin, E. Haitians in theDominican Republic, "though abused and despised, . (1992). Dominican Republic and Haiti. Hoetink, H. (1992). From the time its territory was claimed for Spain in 1492 through185 , little development of any kind occurred in the Dominican Republic.During this entire period the country was either exploited for the economicbenefit of a few hundred individuals within the Dominican side of theisland, for the benefit of Haiti during the periods of Haitian occupationof the Dominican side of the island, or the country was used as a pawn inthe great power politics of European nations or of such politics involvingthe European powers and the United States. 11). A4). Within a few daysof this action, American military and naval officers were appointed to theremaining positions in the Dominican cabinet, as Dominicans refused toserve in the American military government. (1985). Havana, Cuba: Casa de las Americas. Cuba, Haiti, and The Dominican Republic. . French, Howard W. In Haggerty, Richard A. As a consequence of the migration, a substantial population ofHaitians resides and works within the Dominican Republic. 11). In spite of therepressive political measures imposed by the Trujillo government and inspite of the fact that all economic control and most of the country's assetbase were politically close to the dictator, economic conditions in theDominican Republic improved under his government. E. The presence of largenumbers of Haitians within the Dominican Republic leads to the exhibitionof ethnocentrism by many Dominicans. As it happens "the most purely negro population outside the Africancontinent" is found in Haiti" (Gaffney, 1994, p. While such discrimination may be deplorable, theDominican Republic deserves no more reprobation for such behavior than doesthe United States for its long-standing treatment of African-Americans.Conditions for Haitians living in the Dominican Republic are worse thanthose experienced by African-Americans in the United States; however,conditions for Dominicans living in the Dominican Republic are worse thanthose experienced by white Americans in the United States. Within a year after Trujillo's death, the formerly exiled Juan Boschwon national elections in the Dominican Republic. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.