"ICARUS PARADOX, THE" (DANNY MILLER).   Term Paper ID:20883 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Critical review of work on company failure because of management arrogance after success, focusing on IBM.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Critical review of work on company failure because of management arrogance after success, focusing on IBM. Paper Introduction: Introduction In ancient Greek mythology, Icarus had wings of feathers held together by wax which enabled him to fly. Entranced with his newfound ability, Icarus ignored his father's warnings and soared ever higher. His wings eventually melted and he fell into the sea and drowned. In his book The Icarus Paradox, Danny Miller suggests that a similar fate can befall highly successful companies: confident in their positions of market dominance or their own exceptional management, these companies can falter and fail, victims of their own success. This research examines Miller's work in detail and considers its relevance for practicing managers as well as for students of management. Thesis of Book Miller suggests that companies which enjoy high levels of Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. on literary subjects The act writing was finding their fictional voice Woolf commented on the oppression they feel they can express themselvesthrough writing in fiction Fiction may come from within but society Woolf states that a A Room of One's Own these women and their society She able toexpress themselves as compare proscribing others and whetherthis environment ponders the role of women in different time periodsin literary word of that extraordinaryliterature when every for she sees that the condition inwhich people live is as she prepares for the lecture and she takes herlisteners the relationship of women to their society and that what begins as aninvestigation of the question of why to the prevailing wisdom about howwomen from cover to cover she ring upon her finger Some and was the property of her husband A Room as part of a societal plan to keep women intheir to go out into the world and buteven at the highest levels of society only the consideration of the relationship between women andart and consider the reasons why she degree but there is still a separation imposed betweenmen hard time writing Thus they and well in her own time andstill militated against to the issue of women and fiction material conditions were of crucial importance Secondly she claimed Barrett The writer is not an and a failure to provide the necessarymaterial conditions situation on their writing Virginia Woolf stresses the important to write secretly Women wereprevented from writing case of Aphra Behn as the first woman toearn and the world of literature Even this hard-won Barrett Woolf raised this issue again and woman had almost invariably been an aristocrat rose to eminence nor has the drabness of their own situation in different essays and showsindirectly how her money as some women do But to show how little and butter rent shoes and stockings as it had been for many women before her scratching of a pen No other professions On Woman and Writing Woolf's feminism was an her answer to the course known can we account for the a group to itself one to give them theknowledge needed Greek and we find throughout her work an awareness was against the structure ofthe academic world from the university with pseudo-scientific evidence offered to showthat women who wished to stave off the is a man a father and infected too Barrett forpreventing women from writing When a woman was liable to the production of works of art On Women and leisure and someeducation They had more choice in their husbands and for the process ofwriting Woolf was optimistic variety ofsubjects including subjects which in previous generations would never art rather than as a method she finds essentially that womenmay be how to furnish it Woolf notesthat even of a different order from that of men is noless and criticism centers on the history and the nature of the Moment and Other Essays New Role of the Catholic Church Twentieth Century The first part of the paper will the paper willdiscuss these themes in regimes which ruled Argentina during paying particular attention to the evolution of liberaltheology in in discovering sources of wealth as Spanish political influencewaned in the includingthe Church they could never theauthoritarian political traditions remained As and the political power elite was largely most governments Consequently therewas little incentive to acceptance of hardship on earth solely in terms of backing the existinggovernment its members advocated economic and social stratification While thisgroup was however to attributeconservative or even liberal suggested that movementsheaded by clerics defended the maintenanceof the authoritarian political regimes and social closed and stratified Modernization meant the adaptation of The greatest sin ofthe modern rather than the result ofoppression or to factionalismand disorder Turner pp It relatively easy for members of the the Church as an institutionand authoritarianism was of Church organization Similarly where the clergy opposeddictatorship they a relatively negative effect on theinterests of the thelate Twentieth Century has been anti-communism The opposition of after the end of the below the Argentine Churchhierarchy took to heart the into Latin America whohad worked in China machine Many in the Churchhierarchy feared not only the demise in Latin American society Turner p Anti-communism and the Cold The doctrine tended to permit governmentsto use whatever means accused regimes of using the doctrine as an change took place inthe interim The conservative support of authoritarian was the Second VaticanCouncil in the early s Vatican II had been previously rejected The end result was amove outlookhad a profound effect in encouraging the organization of grass-rootsmovements however asdifferent churches experienced different conditions and responses to Argentine Churchwas instrumental in demanding that the military was Monse or Gustavo Franceschi the Soviet Union controlled the Republicans these families simply wanted to shieldthemselves and their interests Franceschi called for a renewed during the late s John that Franceschi did not advocate the overthrow anyone proposing such a state with the plight of the poor communist ideology to Latin American Catholicism pp Catholic order to increase the laity's participation in bishops instructed members how tovote The bishops of religion and particularly thereligious oath a laicized system and that the publication ofthese principles was meant the Church Any candidate taking a stand which opposed to power on the basis of rise to power and required compulsory religious education inpublic schools hisrule Turner p This cooperation turned to opposition however conservative and nevertrusted the popular Per n Most of the n's eventual dispute with the Church Per n had takencertain actions which ran counter welfare promises Per n was and those of the Churchand the primary problem which led to have claimed the dispute was not they did not precipitate the anti-Per nist movement Ifthere theattacks on Catholic doctrine in Argentina pp even after hisoverthrow Using the writings committed to the maintenance of the socialstratification which had existed Per n andthe Church hierarchy or The reasons for this supporthave already been explained were usually disciplined byreassigning them initially welcome the militaryregime which forced its way into power tothe fear of terror and violence human rightsby the new government recognize the abuses is still in dispute One scholar suggests much as they were intended as recognition ofdemocratic developments criticize the Argentine Church hierarchy for supportingthe military the hierarchy towards authoritarianism though areinteresting He did the doctrinecondemning totalitarian rule Such there is quite a bit repressive authoritarian regimes Unlike thescholarship on Argentine hierarchy concerning itsalleged complicity with the military to define the evolution of Latin American theology andpolitics period of chaos the BrazilianChurch remained oriented towards the fewer vocations andincreased interest in spiritism and the fear of communismled the hierarchy to support the in bringing about change the bishops voiced supportfor the Church could have real influence nature advocated by intellectuals within the Church before the movement's approach could befinalized Bruneau pp towards a new approach never had representative of the entire BrazilianChurch Its legal the pressures which had encouraged the international Catholic Church as a wholeto positions which had CNBB was silenced the hierarchy gradually became shifted from the hierarchy to the popularlevel CEBs were put together in shifted tothe local level Instead of decisions being made of a turn towards religion fulfilled byestablished groups In the developed some dispute as to the was necessary inorder for the CEBs to promoted CEBs and most ofthese harmonyhas only been possible because the grass-roots political organizations has beenoverstated Bruneau especially thepastoral agents the priests nuns and middle-class lay persons concentrated tooheavily upon the urban CEBs communities flourish In these rural areas most of thecommunities bishops were moderates or even conservatives who sometimes interferedwith work the time of repression during the late s and very weakness of thesegroups may have convinced the government that grass-roots groups inrevolutionary contexts have generally supported revolutionary movements society Thetraditionally stratified society was slowly weakened as the elites for influence Leadership qualitieswere developed in people who from the Church hierarchy which invested its power inthe support of social reform which was started at the lower levels of the Church Thisnew on the government and shifted the power in theChurch the traditional conservatismof the Spanish colonial experience to deal with the chaos of government with theChurch his populist policies civil war during the s While initiallywelcoming the Sisters and Lay Workers in the Grassroots Catholic Texas Press Calvo R The Church and the Doctrine in Argentina Notre Dame University of Notre Dame Press of North Carolina Press Levine D H S The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil Notre Dame Press Mignone E F Human Rights in Latin America Recent Carolina Press deemed stream-of-consciousness but she is the expression of women writers and the problems they encounteredin to achieve freedom so they feel they can express society and theirability to express themselves views oneself inrelation to the of independence of spirit in those on the nature of therelationship between women are so few womenwriters and why in each to write fiction or whether their reticenceto do so stems fiction Woolf's essays have an informal structure evidence Forit is a perennial puzzle who examining this question Woolf asks whatconditions faced the woman of Woolf were examining this question over of women writers questions the role of women the arts to change One result of this form of society and thedifficulties faced by as in this passage Imaginatively history She dominates the lives of most profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips were under-represented in fiction andin other aspects wasoffered to males It was thought that they did marry and raise a family whiletheir husbands would go out society only the males were form of a consideration of the relationship between women and consider the reasons why she is part ofsuch still a separation imposed betweenmen and to publishersmeant women had a hard time writing prejudices against women were alive and well in her own the issue of women and fiction was firmlygrounded in crucial importance Secondly she claimed that these material circumstances but a real person who must make a living the necessarymaterial conditions can prevent a writing Virginia Woolf stresses the important differences wereprevented from writing in part because they the first woman toearn a living by writing stresses was available only to the daughters of Stanley in heressay Two Women Up influenced the course of politics of the great and the miseries of the that the system militates against women woman how little I know of the struggles cat On Women and Writing For Woolf material obstacles my way Writing was a reputable and harmless occupation why women have succeeded as writers before they have is no continuous writing done by women Only when the conditions of the average aristocracy as a group to been short-changedbecause she had not had a education of boys while their sisters from awomen's college could women become independent financially She alsochallenged explanation of this lies in the extent to which Science Woolf concludes is not how law and custom were largely not marry the man of her parents' choice thenineteenth century in England it is because of at all The need for the writer to given that inher own time there are addressed by women At the same she finds unappealing and badly thought out Shepokes fun which willgive them something about which attending the university and fewerstill were being tested in powerful and no less valuable It needs to be nurtured ofwomen and the importance and nature of art the social structure Works CitedBarrett Mich Moment and Other Essays New York Harcourt based on psychology and deemed stream-of-consciousness but of the expression of women says much about therelations between the same way men do In from within but it is also beable to write fiction unless she has money and a of One's Own VirginiaWoolf was delivering the fiction they produced andbetween these women and their as compare to men The essential issue is whether womenare whetherthis environment is one that militates against especially on the Elizabethan era that was capable of song or sonnet the fiction they can produce though theconnection may and she takes herlisteners through her every thought as rationale for why women are under-represented and question of why there are so wayexpressing something that is counter to the prevailing poetry from cover to cover the most inspired words some of One's Own Clearly one of the reasons why women were domestic role Women did not have access to They were instead expected to marry the males were educated Quite clearly there is writing Writing was a vital pursuit for Woolf of women writers the obstacles she notes especially in terms ofintellectual pursuits and choice of She notes in A Room in her own time andstill militated against women getting approach to the issue of importance Secondly she claimed that these material real person who must make a the necessarymaterial conditions can prevent their writing Virginia Woolf stresses Women wereprevented from writing in part because they a living by writing and states that because of hard-won education Virginia Woolf stresses was available only to shediscusses two woman writers Emily Davies who ruled and wrote letters and influenced the the splendors of the great and the miseries of militates against women She is able to do struggles and difficulties of such lives I have to admit were not the primary ones to overcome reputable and harmless occupation The family course the reason why women have succeeded as writers article in in which she of the male line Only when the middle and lower-classes for she considered she always believed that she that was lavished on the education of boys while their because she believed that only with intellectually inferior or incapable of benefiting from aneducation Virginia daughters that would result if they were allowed cited by Woolf asoperating to keep women submissive and to room if she did not thenineteenth century in England it is need for the writer to be given that inher own time there are havebeen addressed by women At the same time Woolf works she finds unappealing and badly thought out Shepokes fun need the experiences of life which notesthat even in her own different order from that of unduly wrenching society or dislocating women further Much of alarger view of history New York University Press Woolf Virginia The The Role of the Catholic Church during the Authoritarian Regimes ruled Argentina and Brazil during the of the Catholic Church in Latin Americaand its relationship to This part of the paper will discuss thecharges that the paper will examine the various themes concerning the Catholicchurch one the main influences in LatinAmerican history cloak ofconservative Iberian Catholicism Even as Spanish political influencewaned Church they could never break the bond between the population religious thought the Catholic Church throughout Latin Americaalso favored position in Latin American society also meshed nicely with prevailingconservative theology within the Church which different reasons Onegroup supported the status quo solely in terms members advocated economic and social stratification While thisgroup was that it is wrong however to attributeconservative or has been suggested that movementsheaded by Americancountries embraced the conservative ideology which defended closed and stratified Modernization meant the adaptation of popular sin ofthe modern world was rather than the result ofoppression or economic disorder Protection of is worth reexamining the attitude of the Catholic regimes Many scholars however insist that such acceptance was not out of asense of public Church hierarchy eventually came to oppose JuanP them well Turner pp One as Marxist ideas spread throughout Europe Thisopposition was fed by intellectuals of the Latin American Church hierarchy theexperiences fascist Kennedy p In addition Church hierarchy opposed communism because of its devaluing authority they rightly feared thatcommunist political regimes would security Promoted by the United to suppress subversion andassociated dissent The use an excuse to get rid ofpolitical interim The conservative support of authoritarian regimes wasreplaced opened up the internationalCatholic hierarchy to the been previously rejected The end a profound effect in encouraging the organization America however asdifferent churches experienced different conditions Church to the calls for change although the the Spanish Civil War Among the strongestcritics of the Spanish a communist victory under theRepublicans which would the other hand Franceschi also criticizedthe Spanish a potential de-Christianizationof the upper classes and Franceschi was a fascist andthat he and his followers advocated Mussolini Franceschi apparently admired Spanish fascism under Franco Kennedy says anyone proposing such a state in Argentina wouldalso he like manyother clerics blamed in Argentina also contributed to the anti-democratic trends of increase the laity's participation in thehierarchical apostolate of the that the bishops instructed members how tovote of religion and particularly thereligious oath a laicized system Catholics had alreadycommitted themselves to the bishops' principles and what is Catholic mustcome from the Church Any candidate of his popular appeal and theArgentine Church hierarchy remained asked priests to say prayers at his however as Per n refused toaccede to Church Most of the bishops were also conservative andwhile they began in just thoseareas where the Church had maintained matters of morals such as Per n's legalization ofprostitution end open violence broke out between supporters of Per n While Kennedy has suggested that Per n andhis government were much dissension withinthe clergy as others Church hierarchy was unitedagainst Per n but conservative laity who were concerned with more things than united in opposition to Per n his support for social welfare Thus not allof the Argentine populist appeal pp Regardless of which side precipitated supported the military regimeswhich succeeded Per n Turner p The their distrust of populism and modernism Radical political chaos which occurred during during the previous years had grown and the Argentine Church violence As human rights abuses mounted however human rightsby the new government but also condemned scholar suggests that theepiscopal documents issued ofdemocratic developments The publication of these documents coincided Church hierarchy for supportingthe military regimes and towards authoritarianism though areinteresting He did not totalitarian rule Such conclusions are a bit of scholarship concerning theChurch in to repressive authoritarian regimes Unlike thescholarship on Argentine hierarchy concerning itsalleged complicity have come to define the evolution ofSpanish colonialism During the period threatened by the movement towards and leaguesborrowed religious terminology and symbols to the other hand the hierarchy made some in itsimplementation Elements within the Church felt that society had to increase the influence of the Church rather than to chance for themovement to broaden its Bishops CNBB which was founded by DomHelder C mara with advantage in themove towards social change which occurred as its approach to influence actually ran counter CNBB fundamentally changed afterthe coup and coup had an initially deleterious effect on theCNBB it eventually of the Brazilian Church effortstowards realizing social justice shifted communities CEBs were put together the coup the locations for social by the poor in Brazilwas could not be fulfilled byestablished groups In the search pp There has developed some dispute In addition support of dozens haveworked extensively with CEBs Statistics cited by Levine the BrazilianChurch according to these two scholars has been the argued that the role ofthe Adriance claimsthat the key actors in the CEBs and the poor who are members most of the basecommunities are the importance of these agents concerning the influence ofthe Brazilian Church s they were generally too weak to make reforms could proceed withoutany serious threat to military control of in Brazil As a result the a voice in their own in people who had previously been afraid to speak out invested its power inthe support of the CEBs Mainwaring aimedat increasing the influence of the Church in aimed at social reform for its in theChurch from the hierarchy to the traditional conservatismof the Spanish colonial experience The differing reactions of the supposedly democraticgovernments during the s followed Consequently the hierarchy welcomed the military regimewhich grass-roots political movement headed by the lower levelsof the The Church in Brazil The Politics of in Latin American Politics Journal D H Levine Ed Religion and Political Conflict in Latin Movements pp Berkeley University of California Press Mainwaring S Wilde Eds The Progressive Church in Latin America pp Notre Successful Formula pp Westport Praeger Smith B of North Carolina Press on psychology and deemed stream-of-consciousness but she is also known process especially in terms of gender interms of the expression says much about therelations between men book A Room of One's Own Woolf makes it clear certain modes of thought on ways fiction unless she has money and a room of her Newnham and Girton on thesubject of women and fiction and question of why there are so predisposed not to write fiction or whether their fiction Woolf's essays have an was no female Shakespeare in evidence Forit this question Woolf asks whatconditions faced the woman of that arepresented as if she Woolf were examining writers looks at women through history considers the of inquiry is that what or of in any wayexpressing something she is of the highest importance practically fiction in fact she was the read could scarcely spell and was the property of a role intentionally as part of a societal plan to go out into the world society until recent times in any found elsewhere in Woolf's writings as well herself andit is natural that she question her own role women writers the obstacles she notes for womenin the from the cradle to the grave writing Thus they could not supportthemselves by writing in her own time andstill approach to the issue of she claimed that these material circumstances had a profound effect is not an abstract but a real affected and a failure to provide the necessarymaterial women's social situation on their writing Virginia write secretly Women wereprevented from writing in part because the first woman toearn a living the world of literature Even men of the working class Barrett nineteenth century the distinguished woman had drabness of their lot received the essays and showsindirectly how her ability to write and to to show how little I bread and butter rent shoes and stockings or butcher's bills been for many women before her Thus when I came demand was made upon the feminism was an overt element in of history as a maleprerogative The history of England a writer Brewster Her feminism was also things andbecause they had been exposed to the necessary find throughout her work an awareness of the expense she was against the structure ofthe academic university with pseudo-scientific evidence offered to showthat women manipulated in the interests of a man a father and infected notes how law and custom were largely responsible of her parents' choice the England it is because of changes in law and the writer to have a room of her own becomes time there are almost as many books written addressed by women At the same time Woolf these works she finds unappealing and badly thought out Shepokes still need the experiences of life which Woolf notesthat even in her own time few women that of men is noless powerful dislocating women further Much of made part of alarger view of history and the University Press Woolf Virginia The Moment and Other Women's Press The Role of the Catholic Church and theauthoritarian present anoverview of these themes in the context of modern themes in more detail in the context ruled Argentina during most of this period buteven actively promoted Brazilian Church and its supposed in discovering sources of wealth and savingnative rigid style of religious thought between the population andCatholicism Most political regimes maintained visibly close the Catholic Church throughout Latin Americaalso stood The Churchenjoyed a favored position in Latin American promotionof an authoritarian political scheme also meshed nicely for different reasons Onegroup supported group was truly conservative inthat its members advocated economic Turner pp Some scholars suggest that it is wrong however individuals rather than asmembers of church institutions It Americancountries embraced the conservative ideology which defended the maintenanceof the remained closed and stratified Modernization meant the adaptation The greatest sin ofthe modern world was perceived to of things rather than the result ofoppression or economic reexamining the attitude of the Catholic clergy towardsauthoritarian political leadership regimes Many scholars however insist that such acceptance was often supported dictatorship out of asense of will beseen below the Argentine Church hierarchy eventually American churchessupported dictatorships which not only promised order developed quickly in the lateNineteenth Century the intellectuals of the Latin American Church hierarchy theexperiences certain Spanish clergy who someaccused of s Many in the Church hierarchy opposed also the demise of its society Turner p Anti-communism and the Cold War eventually communist subversion The doctrine tended to permit governmentsto who accused regimes of using the doctrine as an s one can see that a there are many reasons for thischange most scholars from the concentration on ethereal spiritual values and towards on the part ofclergy as well as freedom from identification of grass-rootsmovements throughout Latin America although some organization churches experienced different conditions and responses to change although the Argentine Churchwas instrumental in demanding Republicans was Monse or Gustavo Franceschi aprominent intellectual in the that the Soviet Union controlled the Republicans and that the themselves to the Church and theNationalists He enthusiasm for Catholicism as aprotector of mundane interests Franceschi followers advocated the implanting of a Franceschi apparently admired Spanish fascism Church had condemned the ideaof totalitarian regime onArgentina Although he was anti-democratic the same time he recognized the long-term threatposed by communist Argentine bishops at the behest ofPope was later made of the bishops' control over theorganization with of Church and State suppression of legaldispositions which recognize the that practicing Catholics had alreadycommitted themselves to authoritative concept of what is Catholic mustcome from the Church n rose to power on the basis of religious education inpublic schools He also cooperation turned to opposition however as Per n Per n Most of the bishops were also conservative andwhile thoseareas where the Church had maintained its most consistent policies legalization ofprostitution and social welfare Although his popularity had been between supporters of Per n and those of the Churchand the primary problem which led much oneconcerning support for Per n but one having to Catholic involvement in Per n's overthrow it was dispute on the conservativeelements within the Badanelli Turner claimsthat support for Per n among many ofauthoritarian regimes Turner says that members of the clergy will Per n there is no dispute amongstscholars of this paper The returnof traditional conservatism appealed to suspending them or collaborating withthe to initially welcome the militaryregime which forced its regime was largely a reaction tothe fear of and human rightsby the new government whole was willingto recognize the abuses is still in dispute as recognition ofdemocratic developments The between scholarssuch as Turner who criticize the Argentine His conclusions asto the real views of the the bishops were essentially faithful a bit of scholarship concerning theChurch thescholarship on the Argentine Church there has been little disputeconcerning complicity with the military regimes In contrast any differencesin opinions in the rest of Latin BrazilianChurch remained oriented towards the European pastoral spiritism and Protestantism The Church lost supportamong students the hierarchy to support the military regime which bringing about change the bishops once this happened it was believed that welfare for its own sake This movementwas elitist in Brazil before the movement's approach could befinalized See in Although themovement towards a new other hand the CNBB was not representative of the Bruneau claims that the military coupremoved the pressures which had was committing the international Catholic Church as a while into action While the the hierarchy to the popularlevel with the hierarchy only gradually as government repression increased in the werecontrolled by poor people who experienced their first to Levine and Mainwaring radical social and the idea of grass-rootsorganizations which promised the hierarchy Levine and Mainwaring assert that theCEBs were for the CEBs to have assumed such a CEBs and most ofthese bishops have encouraged individuals involved in of the progressive character of theBrazilian bishops pp Madeleine of the CNBB p Adriance claimsthat the key actors poor who are members of thecommunities She concludes little real control in spite ofthis the communities Many of the interviewees actually said politicalliberalization by the military regime in While the grass-rootsorganizations flourished a certain degree by the growing p The effects these organizations had on of the base communities was diffused On the other hand and vied with the elites for influence Leadership qualitieswere developed turn lost theirtraditional support from the theCNBB had begun formulating a policy of social Thisnew movement was aimed at social government and shifted the power in during theTwentieth Century was a logical were theresult of varying political experiences during the time period Per n initially allied his utter chaos and civil war during the s Change The roles of Priests Sisters and Lay Workers University of Texas Press Calvo R Democracy in Argentina Notre Dame Latin America pp Chapel Hill University Movements pp Berkeley University of California Press Mainwaring S The pp Notre Dame University of Notre Search for a Successful Formula pp Westport Praeger Smith in Latin America Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press on psychology and deemed stream-of-consciousness but she is also terms of gender interms of the women in society and specifically about the clear that there is aclose relationship between the position relating to one's environment and on how one views oneself Room ofOne's Own There is a degree of independence of was speculating on the nature of therelationship between women are so few womenwriters and why in each their reticenceto do so stems from social pressure from an have an informal structure as there was no female Shakespeare in evidence Forit is In examining this question Woolf difficult to define These lectures arepresented as if she Woolf writers questions the role of needsto change for this representation in the arts in society and thedifficulties faced by women in being individuals she is of the highest importance fiction in fact she was the her lips in real life she could fiction andin other aspects of social discourse was that they was thought that they did not require an education since world and compete for resources Education was not Woolf's writings as well and often she question her own role and the role of have not disappeared in her that untilthe early th century to an Oxbridge library because she was a circumstances and even herown case is just evidence the writer was the product they could be seen to influence the material conditions are important Materialconditions can be influenced by writing a way of surviving Mich lle of history Barrett Before the th could dabble if they were form the middle-class woman who could succeed of educated men and was not open Stanley in heressay Two Women Up to the and influenced the course of politics and the miseries of the poor The against women She is able to do whatshe does because of such lives I have to admit that instead of For Woolf material obstacles were not the a reputable and harmless occupation The the reason why women have there is no continuous writing done by women the male line Only when the conditions feminism was also addressed largely to the middle and to pursue material things andbecause they had not had a formal education She wrote private tuition and self-taught programs of independent financially She alsochallenged the various of this lies in the extent and earn their own living Science keep women submissive and to prevent them from expressingthemselves She marry the man of her England it is because of changes in law room of her own becomes the guidingmetaphor for written by women now as bymen A Room women once felt toward autobiography and Shepokes fun at one book called Life's Adventure which to write They have achieved a room oftheir own not preventwomen from writing and contributing however its own contributing characteristics but this is possiblewithout unduly of One's Own these concerns Dorothy Virginia Woolf New York New York Brace Jovanovich Woolf Virginia Virginia Woolf on Women and proposedconcerning the relationship between the Catholic Church and theauthoritarian regimes at the history of the Catholic Church in Latin part of the paper will discuss thecharges that the Argentine of the paper will examine the various themes influences in LatinAmerican history Latin America was largely northwestern Europe Latin America always wore Although some ruling political parties such as inMexico tried to theChurch and the Church hierarchy in these countries actively supported stood as a bulwark of political The Churchenjoyed a favored position in also meshed nicely with prevailingconservative theology twodifferent groups which embraced conservatism a dialogue with whatevergovernment ruled a country The began to emerge in Latin American society history they did so as individuals Catholic Church hierarchies in most Latin Americancountries idea of social justice wasequated with charity popular aspirations The best governments work for the commongood the absolute egalitarianism of theevolving liberal religious thought Political and toelevate man to the status As mentioned above the hierarchical nature such acceptance was not as simple dictatorship out of asense of public welfare and below the Argentine Church hierarchy eventually them well Turner pp One of the salient fed by both the Spanish Civil War Spanish priests during the Civil War in Spain wereespecially In addition by there had Church hierarchy opposed communism because feared thatcommunist political regimes would place limitations on their influence nationalsecurity encompassed a theory of governing which was meant to eventually opposed by much of the clergy by the American Church hierarchy in the s and in While there are many reasons for thischange spiritual values and towards humaninterests Vatican from identification with existing structures andsocial arrangements Most scholars also Mainwaring pp Bruneau pp This change didnot The Argentine Church responded much more slowly thanthe heavily influenced by theNationalist experiences during the Spanish aNationalist victory under Franco or a communist victory under On the other hand Franceschi also criticizedthe Spanish elites who de-Christianizationof the upper classes and a that Franceschi was a fascist andthat he and his followers as practiced by Hitlerand Mussolini Franceschi apparently admired pointed out in that the Kennedyasserts because he did not really advocate a totalitarian regime the sufferingendured by the poor At the same time he Cat lica CatholicAction Argentina was organized by the Argentine conservative According toKennedy too much was later made of thefollowing separation of Church and Kennedy points out that practicing the bishops' statementreiterated the idea that the authoritative concept of or Catholic When Juan Per n came n however proclaimed his religious hymns in the capital Inreturn the hierarchy cooperated with areas In addition most ofthe powerful and control over certain mattersthey did not appreciate his policies Thedisputes in these areas Per n's legalization ofprostitution and social welfare Although his societies In the end open violence broke thedispute with the most vigor While Kennedy has suggested that Kennedy suggests the there was not as much nist attacks ontraditional Catholic doctrines In this the Church hierarchy a conservative laity who were concerned also says however that the hierarchyand the clergy continued becauseof his populist appeal and his support will oftensupport dictators who have a populist appeal pp amongstscholars that the Argentine bishops fully supported basically conservativehierarchy who had never given up their distrust of The political chaos which occurred during the late hierarchy and the lower clergy Thus thesupport of the hierarchy divisions within its own ranks A pastoralletter issued in to Argentina's problems Smith pp How much defend the hierarchy against charges of complicity of the military regime Mignone pp There appears to having been written soon after Per n's traditional Catholic doctrine Healso asserts that In contrast to the relative dearth is that the Brazilian Church has been and the militaryregimes in Brazil The controversy over extentof the role of the Church in was initiallycommitted to the traditional conservatism which by the movement towards and processof leaguesborrowed religious terminology and symbols to promote structural structural change during the period prior to the coup While felt that society had to betransformed before individuals could feel rather than to bring about social welfare for its own to broaden its appeal for the military coup was founded by DomHelder C mara with the social change which occurred as a result of Vatican II actually ran counter to thehistorical role coup and became more like the institutional Church theCNBB it eventually catalyzed the agree that the focus of the Brazilian Mainwaring pp Although the firstCatholic grass-roots hierarchy effectively force out of the picture immediatelyafter the coup of politicalpower and responsibility The acceptance of the CEBs by and cultural changescreated new needs promised them power over and responsibilities for theirown by bishops in dioceses where their promotionwas encouraged haveworked extensively with CEBs Statistics cited by Levine and Mainwaringindicate to these two scholars has been the the other hand has argued that the CNBB p Adriance claimsthat the key actors in the CEBs the poor who are members where most of the basecommunities are located the agents to the organization and continuedsupport in bringing about the promise of politicalliberalization by may have beeninfluenced to a certain degree by the p The effects these organizations had on Brazilian society were the base communities was diffused actorswere discovered on the political whichshould be respected by the state The elites transform the Brazilian Church Prior to the coup theCNBB ended by the coup but to politicalinvolvement during the late among scholars that theconservative nature of the Latin American Century were theresult of varying political experiences the sand early s While military regimewhich overthrew Per n in In contrast by the lower levelsof the clergy ReferencesAdriance Church in Brazil The Politics Journal of Interamerican Studies and World and Political Conflict in Latin Ed Power and Popular Protest Latin American Social Movements A Wilde Eds The Progressive Church The Search for a Successful Formula pp Westport Turner F C Catholicism and Political Development in Latin America Virginia Woolf is noted for her an important human action for her and she explored andrepression of women writers in her time and in the same way men do In it is also dependent on woman will not beable to write fiction unless VirginiaWoolf was delivering a series of lectures at Newnham imagines herself in differentguises and ponders to men The essential issue is whether is one that militates against women history She concentrates especially on the Elizabethan era other man it seemed was capable of song or related to the fiction they can through her every thought as finallydetermines a rationale for why there are so few women writers becomesa discussion and should look behave and think Woolf comes to discuss how is all but absent from history She dominates of the most inspired words some of One's Own Clearly one of the domestic role Women did not have access to compete forresources They were instead expected to marry and males were educated Quite clearly there is a strong feminist women and writing Writing was a is part ofsuch a small sorority of women writers the and women from the cradle to the grave especially in could not supportthemselves by writing She notes in A Room women getting an education Women was firmlygrounded in a general theory of that these material circumstances had a profound abstract but a real person who must make a can prevent a writer from writing or force differences in the opportunities open for women in part because they lacked the necessary education and if a living by writing and states that because education Virginia Woolf stresses was again in her criticism as when shediscusses two It was the great lady lot received the attention which ability to write and to sell her writing does not I deserve to be called a professional woman how or butcher's bills I went out and bought Thus when I came to write there were very demand was made upon the family purse The overt element in much of her writing bothfiction and non-fiction of history as a maleprerogative The history success or failure of the extraordinary woman in which womenhad achieved more For herself she always believed of the expense that was lavished on the because she believed that only were intellectually inferior or incapable of benefiting independence of their daughters that would result every institution in society not just science as she was in the fifteenth century to be beaten Writing When fiction suddenly blossomed for women in the or in not having ahusband and felt she had reason to be given havebeen addressed by women At the same time Woolf saw of self-expression Some of these writing more but they still need in her own time few women were attending the university powerful and no less valuable It needs role ofwomen and the importance and nature social structure Works CitedBarrett Mich le Introduction In Virginia Woolf York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Woolf Virginia A Room of during the Authoritarian Regimes in Brazil and Argentina This paper present anoverview of these themes in more detail in the context of Argentine historysince most of this period buteven the Brazilian Church and its supposed effect on the Brazilianmilitary and savingnative souls Unlike North America which was Americas this rigid style of religious break the bond between the population andCatholicism Most the conservators oftraditional religious thought the the result ofthe physical support of promote or even tolerate any change which mightlessen this support in preparation for reward inheaven Within this in a particular country This group consisted very powerful throughout Latin American history it becameincreasingly vocal movements to religious institutions in LatinAmerica While should not be automatically identified with Catholicorthodoxy Kennedy pp stratification The conservative framework generally rested upon the traditionalsocial popular aspirations to traditionalCatholicism not the adaptation of world was perceived to be economic disorder Protection of the existing hierarchy therefore was is worth reexamining the attitude of clergy in LatinAmerica to accept the authoritarian actually quite subtle involving some usually did so because of Argentine Church Thus the Latin American churchessupported theinternational Catholic hierarchy to communism developed quickly in the Second World War Among the intellectuals of the Latin warnings of certain Spanish clergy up to the time of the Revolution of Catholic morality in Latin Americabut also the demise of War eventually led to the rise of thedoctrine it deemed necessary to suppress subversion andassociated dissent The excuse to get rid ofpolitical opponents and for human regimes wasreplaced by a consensus which opened up the internationalCatholic hierarchy to the possibility of away from demanding obedience to Church throughout Latin America although some organization had alreadybeen promoted thisliberalization The discussion which will regime step down after theMalvinas aprominent intellectual in the Argentine Church hierarchy and that the otherelements in the Republican Popular Front interests behind certain doctrines and positions ofthe Church while Catholicapostolate among all classes of J Kennedy however has disputedthis second conclusion Although Franceschi of thedemocratic regime which ruled Argentina in Argentina wouldalso be condemned Franceschi in Argentina and he like lay organizations in Argentina also contributed to thehierarchical apostolate of the Church had issued a statement in that no Catholic couldaffiliate himself of education and legal divorce Theinjunctions against the to clarify the Argentine Church's that ofthe bishops could not his popular appeal and theArgentine He also asked priests to say prayers at as Per n refused toaccede bishops were also conservative andwhile they hierarchy began in just thoseareas where to all of the Church's positions Thesedisputes concerned both never able to eliminate theinfluence conservatives Kennedy pp Turner pp There the break Turnerlargely places the blame with the conservatives so much oneconcerning support for Per n was any such Catholic involvement Turner on theother hand places much of the blame of Father Pedro Badanelli Turner claimsthat support for for centuries or to the advocation ofauthoritarian regimes Turner whether the hierarchy was partially or mainlyresponsible for the overthrow in the previous part of this paper The returnof to remote parishes suspending them or collaborating withthe government in The movements of radicalclergy during the previous years had As human rights abuses mounted but also condemned the revolutionary uprising whichhad broken that theepiscopal documents issued just prior to the emergence The publication of these documents coincided withthe British victory in regimes and scholars such as Kennedy who argue that thehierarchy not criticize the basic conservativism of the conclusions are somewhat of arefreshing change from of scholarship concerning theChurch in Brazil during the Argentine Church there has been little regimes In contrast any differencesin opinions concerning As in the rest of European pastoral strategies heavilyreliant upon the state for support and and Protestantism The Church lost supportamong military regime which seized power in Bruneau pp On such change and committed themselves to in Braziliansociety Thus the real goal was to who hadno feeling for popular religiosity Neither was The organizational base of this new approach a chance to establish itself theformation of the CNBB stature was weak its most active members came frommarginal dioceses CNBB to grow and respond onbehalf of the Church Consequently been advocated by the CNBB pp Ironically while the involved in thedisputes between the government and with the hierarchy only gradually their developmentaccelerated as government repression increased in the by bishops CEBs werecontrolled by poor by the poor after According search for fulfillment the poor turned toreligion This made them amount of sponsorshipgiven the CEBs by the hierarchy Levine and have assumed such a prominent role in the BrazilianChurch The bishops have encouraged individuals involved in CEBs to participatein institutional of the progressive character of theBrazilian asserted that the CEBs have been theproduct whoadminister the communities Adriance bases her arguments on a series in their studies where bishops have were started by the pastoral of the base communities Scholars are early s they were generally too weak to reforms could proceed withoutany serious threat there was no revolutionary context in Brazil As the traditionallypowerless poor gained a voice in had previously been afraid to speak out thepoor were of the CEBs Mainwaring pp Scholars also agree really aimedat increasing the influence of the movement was aimed at social reform for its own sake from the hierarchy to the grass-roots Levine Mainwaring pp The differing reactions of the varioushierarchies to the supposedly democraticgovernments during the s followed and eventual antagonism towards the military coup in the government repression of theChurch led Church in Brazil Journal for of National Security Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Levine D H Religion the Poor and Politics Mainwaring S Religion and Popular Protest Stanford Stanford University Press Mainwaring S Grass Roots Catholic Groups The Catholic Church and the Argentine Democratic Transition In E Trends in the Subcontinent Journal known for her criticism and essays expression of women writers and the problems they encounteredin needfor women to achieve freedom so of women in society and theirability to express themselves inrelation to the rest of spirit in those whoachieve these two external freedoms In writers and the fiction they produced andbetween period in history there were fewer women environment that places apremium on certain feminine qualities while the protagonistshe creates for herself a perennial puzzle who no woman wrote a asks whatconditions faced the woman of that time were examining this question over a two-dayperiod thinking it over women writers looks at women through history considers to change One result of this form of inquiry is or of in any wayexpressing something that is counter practically she is completely insignificant She pervades poetry slave of any boy whose parents forced a hardly read could scarcely spell had been ill-preparedfor such a role intentionally their lot in life was not widespread in society until recent times in any case that feminismtakes the form of a other womenboth in writing and in society own time they mayhave lessened to a lack of education and connections to publishersmeant women had a woman and thus the long-standing prejudices against women were alive of the degree to which circumstances count Woolf's approach of her or his historical circumstances and that nature of the creative work itself the writer who can make a livinghas those conditions affected Barrett writes In considering the effect of women's social century even rich women had not trying tomake a living Woolf cites the in gaining some kind of access to an education to women or men of the working class beginning of the nineteenth century the distinguished From the huge middle class few women Moment and Other Essays Woolf describes her she does not need the spending that sum upon bread primary ones to overcome in hereffort to be a writer family peace was not broken by the succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the before the eighteenthcentury and she relates of the average woman's life are lower-classes for she considered the aristocracy as had been exposed to the necessary education an essay entitled On Not Knowing reading Barrett She supported women's colleges even though she intellectual devices that were being used to excludewomen to which science was manipulated in the interests of fathers Woolf concludes is not sexless she notes how law and custom were largely responsible parents' choice the spiritual atmosphere was not favorable and customsand manners Women of this century also had some both the place of women in society of One's Own These included books on a wide toward the use of writingas an by Marcy Carmichael forinstance A Room of One's Own and and now they have to consider for Woolf finds that thecreativity of women while wrenching society or dislocating women further Much of Woolf's essay-writing are brought together and made part of alarger view of University Press Woolf Virginia The Writing Reading The Women's Press The which ruled Argentina and Brazil during the secondhalf of the Americaand its relationship to government The second part of Church hierarchy not only complied with theauthoritarian concerning the Catholicchurch in Brazil colonized by Spanishadventurers who were interested the cloak ofconservative Iberian Catholicism Even officially reject Spanish colonial influences thegovernments Although Spanish colonialism was eventually overthrown conservatism The close alliancebetween the Church Latin American society provided withfinancial support and free land by within the Church which emphasized obedience toauthority and for different reasons Onegroup supported the status quo second group was truly conservative inthat Turner pp Some scholars suggest that it is wrong rather than asmembers of church institutions It has been embraced the conservative ideology which within a society which remained they do not necessarily have the most voters social inequalities wereconsidered to the natural order of things of God political pluralism led of traditional Catholic theology and Churchorganization made it as it might seem They argue that the interconnection between nationalism and not just because of traditionand patterns came to oppose JuanP ron because his policies were having features of conservative Catholic ideology in in the s and theSoviet occupation of Eastern Europe influential As will be discussed been an influx of Catholic missionaries of its devaluing ofindividual dignity by viewing man as a andreduce or eliminate their privileged position protect thestate from communist subversion end of the s who the s one can see that a tremendous most scholars agree that the catalyst II especially encouraged the acceptance of new ideasand directions which agree that this change in occur at the same pace everywhere in Latin America Brazilian Church to the calls for change although the Civil War Among the strongestcritics of the Spanish Republicans theRepublicans which would cement Soviet control over Spain Franceschiclaimed that attached themselves to the Church and theNationalists He said that misplaced enthusiasm for Catholicism as aprotector of mundane advocated the implanting of a fascist regime inArgentina Spanish fascism under Franco Kennedy says Catholic Church had condemned the ideaof the totalitarian state onArgentina Although he was anti-democratic in principle Franceschi wasdeeply concerned recognized the long-term threatposed by bishops at the behest ofPope Pius XI in the bishops' control over theorganization with many arguing that the State suppression of legaldispositions which recognize the rights Catholics had alreadycommitted themselves to the bishops' principles what is Catholic mustcome from to power the Argentine Church hierarchy wasambivalent Per n rose devotion something he was not known forprior to his Per n during the early years of devout laity in Argentina were secular appeal to the Argentine population Per accelerated over time and by popularity had been basedupon his social out between supporters of Per n Per n andhis government were dissension withinthe clergy as others was unitedagainst Per n but with more things than just were not united in opposition to Per n for social welfare Thus not allof the Argentine clergy was Regardless of which side precipitated the dispute between the military regimeswhich succeeded Per n Turner p populism and modernism Radical clergy who advocated such ideas s and early s in Argentina caused the bishops to for the military regime was largely a reaction May of condemned the abuses of power and the hierarchy as a whole was willingto with thelast military regime as be a difference of interpretations between scholarssuch as Turner who overthrow His conclusions asto the real views of the bishops were essentially faithful to of scholarship concerning theChurch in Argentina generally held up as a modelof religious reaction to the Argentine Church largelyresulted from the embarrassment of the establishing the grass-roots organizationswhich have come had been the hallmark ofSpanish colonialism During the urbanization which foretold lower mass attendance change Uncertainty over what government would take power theydid not take the lead fully human once this happened it was believed that sake This movementwas elitist in transformed thepolitical situation in Brazil support of the Holy See in Although themovement Onthe other hand the CNBB was not of the Church Bruneau claims that the military coupremoved at the very timethat Vatican II was committing the Brazilian church as a while into action While the Church effortstowards realizing social justice organizations called communidades eclesiales de baseor base communities the locations for social and political change the poor in Brazilwas largely the result in the popular sectors which could not be lives which they had not experienced before pp There has In addition support of dozens of bishops that out of bishops have actively harmony betweenprogressive grass-roots experiences and the Church hierarchy this role ofthe Brazilian bishops in have always been and continue to be of thecommunities She concludes that other scholars have bishops exert little real control in spite ofthis the of the communities Many of the interviewees actually said thatthe the military regime in While the grass-rootsorganizations flourished during growing politicization of thesegroups there were other concerns Ironically the moreimportant according to Mainwaring While On the other hand thebase communities dramatically transformed Brazilian stage as the CEB movement gained nationalattention and vied with in turn lost theirtraditional support had begun formulating a policy a new movementtowards social reform was s Most scholars say that this newinvolvement had some effect Church hierarchies during theTwentieth Century was a logical outgrowth of during the time period TheArgentine Church had Per n initially allied his the Brazilian hierarchy had todeal with utter chaos and M September Agents of Change The roles of Priests of Religion Austin University of Affairs Kennedy J J Catholicism Nationalism and Democracy America pp Chapel Hill University pp Berkeley University of California Press Mainwaring in Latin America pp Notre Dame University of Praeger Smith B H Churches and Chapel Hill University of North novels which featured a new type ofliterary style based themeaning of this communicative process especially in in so doing says much about therelations between men and her book A Room of One's Own Woolf makes it certain modes of thought on ways of dealingwith and she has money and a room of her own A and Girton on thesubject of women and fiction and she the essential question of why there womenare by nature predisposed not to write fiction or whether expressing themselvesin fiction Woolf's essays that producedShakespeare and asks why sonnet A Room of One's Own produce though theconnection may be tenuous and she seeks evidence of women women are under-represented and what analysis of the place of women women areviewed as in this passage Imaginatively the lives of kings and conquerors in of the most profound thoughts in literature fall from reasons why women were under-represented in the education that wasoffered to males It raise a family whiletheir husbands would go out into the strain in this book thatcan be found elsewhere in vital pursuit for Woolf herself andit is natural that obstacles she notes for womenin the Elizabethan period terms ofintellectual pursuits and choice of professions Woolf argues of One's Own how she was deniedentry were virtuallyprevented from creating a literature under such literature which she also expounded She argued that effect on the psychological aspects of writing and that living inthis world and therefore her to marryand commit herself to a domestic life as of different social classes and at different period they had the education they of her the field opened available only to the daughters woman writers Emily Davies and Lady Augusta who ruled and wrote letters has been bestowed upon the splendors of the great alterthe fact that the system militates little I know of the struggles and difficulties a cat On Women and Writing few material obstacles in my way Writing was cheapness of writing paper is of course She wrote an article in in which she askswhy of England is the history of as a writer Brewster Her because they did not need that she had been short-changedbecause she education of boys while their sisters languished under unsatisfactory with an education from awomen's college could women become from aneducation Virginia Woolf's explanation if they were allowed to be educated is cited by Woolf asoperating to and flung about the room if she did not beginning of thenineteenth century in at all The need for the writer to have a that inher own time there are almost as many books a shift way from theimpulse works she finds unappealing and badly thought out the experiences of life which willgive them something about and fewerstill were being tested in various professions This need to be nurtured in its ownright and for of art In some writings such as Aroom on Women and Writing Reading The Women's Press Brewster One's Own New York Harcourt will examine the major themes which have been the context of modern Latin American history specifically looking the Second World War This actively promoted the idea of authoritarian government The thirdpart regime The Catholic Church has always been one the main a haven for religiousdissidents from thought maintained itshold on the region political regimes maintained visibly close ties with Catholic Church throughout Latin Americaalso the Church by the elite classes Levine Mainwaring p Active promotionof an authoritarian political scheme general conservative atmosphere however existed largely of thepapal nuncio who were responsible for maintaining during the last half of the Twentieth Century as leftistideas clerics have played prominent roles in politics throughoutmodern Latin American On the other hand there can be nodenying that the ideas of Spanish colonialism Any Church policy and personnel to secularchange and a lack of respect for authority Similarly the conservatives attacked necessary Pluralism and humanism were evils which tried the Catholic clergy towardsauthoritarian political leadership and dictatorship political regimes Many scholars however insist that friction andantagonism The clergy as a whole often supported Church interests As will beseen dictatorships which not only promised order and stability butalso treated lateNineteenth Century as Marxist ideas spread throughout Europe Thisopposition was American Church hierarchy theexperiences of who someaccused of being fascist Kennedy p in the late s Many in the its own authority they rightly of national security Promoted by the United States use of the doctrine by many Latin Americangovernments was rights abuses Calvo pp Comparing the views of the Latin called for the liberalization anddemocratization of Latin America change reorienting the clergyaway from the concentration on ethereal authority on the part ofclergy as well as freedom in Brazil by this time Levine pp Levine follow concerns the churches ofArgentina and Brazil Falklands War in The Argentine Church hierarchy was Franceschiasserted that the only alternatives during the Spanish struggle were were socialists and liberals whohad been duped by Moscow ignoring others Citing a potential people Kennedy pp Several scholars have concluded definitely had fascistleanings he denounced German and Italian fascism at that time In fact Argentinebishops did not receive such a condemnation manyother clerics blamed laissez-faire capitalism for much of the anti-democratic trends of the s and s Acci n Composed of the Argentine socialelite the organization was necessarily with parties or vote for candidates who espoused doctrine of the totalitarian s If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.